Assessment and Evaluation of an Integrated Hybrid Anaerobic–Aerobic Sewage Treatment System for the Removal of Enteric Viruses

The capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup I (GGI), norovirus genogroup II (GGII), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), and adenovirus was studied. This pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), biological aerated filter (BAF), and inclined plate settler (IPS). Both the UASB and BAF are packed with a non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF). Results indicated that the overall log₁₀ reductions of enteric viruses’ genome copies through the whole system were 3.1 ± 1, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 0.9 log₁₀ for rotavirus, norovirus GGI, and adenovirus, respectively. Reduction efficiency for both norovirus GGII and HEV after the different treatment steps could not be calculated because there were no significant numbers of positive samples for both viruses. The overall reduction of rotavirus infectious units through the whole system was 2.2 ± 0.8 log₁₀ reduction which is very close to the overall log₁₀ reduction of adenovirus infectious units through the whole system which was 2.1 ± 0.8 log₁₀ reduction. There was no considerable difference in the removal efficiency for different rotavirus G and P types. Adenovirus 41 was the only type detected in the all positive samples. Although the pilot WWTP investigated is cost effective, has a small footprint, does not need a long distance network pipes, and easy to operate, its efficiency to remove enteric viruses is comparable with the conventional centralized WWTPs.     

武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露风险评估

在武汉市区设置70个采样点,采集土壤、灰尘、大气及食品样品.根据美国EPA推荐的儿童铅暴露参数,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评估方法对武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露进行了风险评估,结果表明,武汉市区儿童每天的铅暴露量为1.20×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1.经消化道途径是儿童摄入铅的主要途径,其暴露量为1.04×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1,其次为经呼吸道途径及皮肤吸收途径,其暴露量分别为0.153×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1和8.56×10-7mg.（kg.d）-1.在消化道途径中,摄入土壤或灰尘铅暴露量占占总暴露量的52.0%,通过消化道途径摄入土壤或灰尘是最主要的暴露途径.用Monte Carlo法进行模拟,在消化道途径中,通过摄取土壤铅暴露量为2.48×10-2mg.d-1.超过JECFA指定的PTDI的概率为2.1%.风险水平R计算结果表明,从消化道、呼吸道、皮肤吸收这3个途径的铅暴露风险均小于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5,其中经过皮肤吸收途径的铅暴露风险值小于可忽略风险水平1×10-8.应用Kriging插值法获得武汉市中心城区儿童铅日暴露量的空间分布,运用指示Kriging方法获得了武汉市儿童铅暴露危险指数图,显示武汉市青山区及江岸区儿童铅暴露水平较高.     

国家大气污染物排放标准体系研究

科学合理的大气污染物排放标准体系,有助于全面系统地控制大气污染源,提高大气环境保护工作效力,改善整体大气环境质量.在深入研究国家大气环境标准体系发展历程、现状及特点的基础上,指出了目前标准体系存在的不配套、不协调和不完善的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

挥发性有机污染物排放控制标准体系的建立与完善

以大气灰霾为代表的区域复合污染问题,导致挥发性有机物(VOCs)成为重点控制的污染物之一.通过对国家和地方挥发性有机污染物排放标准现状分析,依据排放特征以及我国挥发性有机物排放清单,建立和完善挥发性有机物排放控制标准体系.     

挥发性有机污染物排放控制标准制订中的关键技术问题研究

研究分析了挥发性有机污染物排放标准制订中4个关键技术问题:污染因子选择、控制指标确定、限值的确定以及技术管理措施.结果表明,应根据毒性和光化学反应性选择污染因子;确定控制指标应既考虑有组织控制指标,又考虑无组织的控制指标;确定排放限值应明确是基于控制技术还是基于健康风险;同时制定技术管理措施以通过源头和过程控制挥发性有机污染物排放.     

污水土地处理系统中管网铺设率对流态的影响与CFD模拟

污水土地净化系统的水力特性直接影响污染物的处理效果,研究不同管网铺设率对水流流态的影响,可为设计参数的选择及反应器结构优化提供依据.因此,运用示踪-应答技术,以停留时间分布(RTD)理论为基础,对反应器中水流的状态进行分析.同时,借助计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent进行数值模拟.RTD分析和CFD模拟结果互补分析发现,底部的碎石层具有布水功能,而表面的水层具有集水的作用:水流在承托层中水平流动,竖直流经填料层,最后在水层中水平流入集水管网.在有承托层和水层的情况下,系统采用不同管网铺设程度的布水和集水方式对填料中水流的流态影响不大,然而管网孔口布水效果不均.各管网铺设率反应器的体积效率均在90％以上,但都有一定的无效体积或滞留区.半网布水、集水的反应器体积效率最高,流态接近推流形式.无因次平均停留时间为1.09,轴向扩散系数为0.037.     

基于单颗粒质谱信息气溶胶分类方法的研究进展

气溶胶质谱仪在对气溶胶颗粒的监测过程中会产生大量单颗粒的化学成分和粒径信息,基于这些质谱数据能够推测颗粒的来源。而对气溶胶来源的分析,很大程度上是由颗粒的种类决定的,故对海量数据的分类就成为不可忽略的步骤。针对气溶胶质谱仪采集到的数据,概述了用于气溶胶分类的多种方法的理论核心、分类步骤及各自的优缺点等。据此可为今后气溶胶分类方法的研究提供建设性意见。     

遥感技术在环境监测中的作用

本文对遥感(3S)技术在环境监测中的应用方法、技术等进行了论述.     

佛山市创建生态市差距分析与策略研究

生态市建设是探索区域生态文明的准备阶段,亦是区域可持续发展道路的重要阶段。成功的生态市创建策略是在充分认识本区域发展现状及创建差距的基础上,抓住重点任务作出科学、合理、可操作的政策措施。佛山市提出了在2015年建成国家生态市的奋斗目标,时间紧任务重,必须尽快制定行之有效的策略。本文重点分析佛山市目前经济、生态环境与社会进步等方面与生态市考核指标要求之间的差异,在此基础上识别佛山市创建生态市的重点任务,进一步研究相应的配套政策需求。     

Detection Method for Avian Influenza Viruses in Water

Recent events have shown that humans may become infected with some pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (AIV). Since soil and water, including lakes, rivers, and seashores, may be contaminated by AIV excreted by birds, effective methods are needed for monitoring water for emerging viruses. Combining water filtration with molecular methods such as PCR is a fast and effective way for detecting viruses. The objective of this study was to apply a convenient method for the detection of AIV in natural water samples. Distilled water and lake, river, and seawater were artificially contaminated with AIV (H5N3) and passed through a filter system. AIV was detected from filter membrane by real-time RT-PCR. The performance of Zetapor, SMWP, and Sartobind D5F membranes in recovering influenza viruses was first evaluated using contaminated distilled water. SWMP, which gave the highest virus recoveries, was then compared with a pre-filter combined GF/F filter membrane in a trial using natural water samples. In this study, the cellulose membrane SMWP was found to be practical for recovery of AIVs in water. Viral yields varied between 62.1 and 65.9% in distilled water and between 1 and 16.7% in natural water samples. The borosilicate glass membrane GF/F combined with pre-filter was also feasible in filtering natural water samples with viral yields from 1.98 to 7.33%. The methods described can be used for monitoring fresh and seawater samples for the presence of AIV and to determine the source of AIV transmission in an outbreak situation.