An Interval-Parameter Waste-Load-Allocation Model for River Water Quality Management Under Uncertainty

A simulation-based interval quadratic waste load allocation (IQWLA) model was developed for supporting river water quality management. A multi-segment simulation model was developed to generate water-quality transformation matrices and vectors under steady-state river flow conditions. The established matrices and vectors were then used to establish the water-quality constraints that were included in a water quality management model. Uncertainties associated with water quality parameters, cost functions, and environmental guidelines were described as intervals. The cost functions of wastewater treatment units were expressed in quadratic forms. A water-quality planning problem in the Changsha section of Xiangjiang River in China was used as a study case to demonstrate applicability of the proposed method. The study results demonstrated that IQWLA model could effectively communicate the interval-format uncertainties into optimization process, and generate inexact solutions that contain a spectrum of potential wastewater treatment options. Decision alternatives can be generated by adjusting different combinations of the decision variables within their solution intervals. The results are valuable for supporting local decision makers in generating cost-effective water quality management strategies.     

改性纤维球在油田污水处理中的应用

纤维球过滤可充分发挥出滤料深层的截污能力。介绍了改性纤维球滤料的技术要求,在使用过程中主要存在的几个问题,改性纤维球过滤器的结构及特点,在油田污水处理中的现场应用情况。试验证明,经50%互溶剂+2%表面活性剂+2%烧碱清洗后,改性纤维球滤料颜色变为灰白,纤维之间松散,不存在粘结现象,清洗较为彻底。     

陕北子长县阎家沟黄土滑坡特征及其变形机制

野外调查和钻探资料显示,阎家沟滑坡属大型黄土滑坡,滑坡体为中、晚更新世黄土.在滑坡前缘流水侵蚀坡脚和滑坡体上修建窑洞、梯田、排放生活用水等人类工程活动影响下以及在2002年7月4日连续强降雨的激发下,目前处于不稳定状态,若遇强降雨失稳概率很大.填埋滑坡体裂隙和孔洞、加强地表排水、在滑坡体前缘沟谷修建淤地坝是提高陕北此类滑坡稳定性最为经济有效的措施.     

Association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and the health of newborns

Phthalates are developmental and reproductive toxicants for the fetus in pregnant rodents, and the ability of phthalates to penetrate the placenta have been reported. The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between maternal urine excretion, the exposure of fetus to phthalates in amniotic fluid, and the health of newborns. Amniotic fluid and urine samples from pregnant women were collected to measure five phthalate monoesters using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and the newborns' birth weight, gestational age, and anogenital distance (AGD) were collected. The median levels of three phthalate monoesters in urine and amniotic fluid were 78.4 and 85.2 ng/mL monobutyl phthalate (MBP); 24.9 and 22.8 ng/mL mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP); 19.8 and Not Detected monoethyl phthalate (MEP). We found a significant positive correlation only between creatinine adjusted urinary MBP and amniotic fluid MBP (R(2)=0.156, p<0.05) in all infants and, only in female infants, a significantly negative correlation between amniotic fluid MBP, AGD (R=-0.31, p<0.06), and the anogenital index adjusted by birth weight (AGI-W) (R=-0.32, p<0.05). Although the influence of prenatal di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) exposure on the endocrinology and physiology of the fetus is still a puzzle, our data clearly show that in utero exposure to phthalates in general has anti-androgenic effects on the fetus.     

Agricultural Structure in Western China by Comparing with before and after CFFG Based on Shift-share Method

Based on shift-share method, this article employs re- gional share, structural shift and competitive shift to analyze the structural benefit and competitive position of agricultural structure in western China by comparing with agriculture, foresting, stockbreeding and fishing before and after Conversion of Farmland to Forest and Grassland （CFFG）. Then authors draw following conclusion： while CFFG program has been put in practice, the agricultural structure in western China has some typical characteristics, such as growth faster, structural predominance obvious and more competitive. But the contributiveness from the competition is not too much yet, and the structural benefit of forest estate and stockbreeding are restrained.     

四氯化钛精制除钒废弃物的综合利用

对四氯化钛铜丝除钒精制过程中产生的废弃物,采用酸碱联合法回收其中的铜和钒。考察了关键的碱处理及盐酸沉钒过程的影响因素。实验结果为：在碱处理溶液pH12．0—13．0,碱处理温度60℃,碱处理时间1h,沉钒溶液pH1．0～1．5,沉钒温度60℃,沉钒时间1h的条件下,铜和钒的回收率分别达到90％和75％以匕,获得的阴极铜和五氧化二钒的产品质量均达到国家标准。     

pH敏感性β-环糊精微球的制备及其吸附性能

采用反相微悬浮乳液聚合技术制备了β-环糊精(β-CD)微球,用丁二酸酐对β-CD微球进行化学改性,制备了pH敏感性β-CD(pH-β-CD)微球.通过傅里叶红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜对微球的结构、粒径和形貌进行了表征.探讨了亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水pH、吸附时间和微球加入量对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响.实验结果表明,在亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水pH为10.0、吸附时间为90 min的条件下,当pH-β-CD微球加入量为50 mg时,pH-β-CD微球吸附量为16.1 mg/g;当pH-β-CD微球加入量为250 mg时,pH-β-CD微球对亚甲基蓝的脱色率达96.2%.     

爆炸物冲击波的人体防护研究

针对爆炸物爆炸冲击波、破片或子弹冲击、高温高压气体热辐射等复杂环境下的人体伤害威胁,本文从人员损伤研究和防护材料研究两方面综述了国内外研究进展,最后为开展人体有效防护研究工作提出了几点建议.     

Characterization of hard- and softwood biochars pyrolyzed at high temperature

A wide range of waste biomass/waste wood feedstocks abundantly available at mine sites provide the opportunity to produce biochars for cost-effective improvement of mine tailings and contaminated land at metal mines. In the present study, soft- and hardwood biochars derived from pine and jarrah woods at high temperature (700 °C) were characterized for their physiochemical properties including chemical components, electrical conductivity, pH, zeta potential, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), alkalinity, BET surface area and surface morphology. Evaluating and comparing these characteristics with available data from the literature have affirmed the strong dictation of precursor type on the physiochemical properties of the biochars. The pine and jarrah wood feedstocks are mainly different in their proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, resulting in biochars with heterogeneous physiochemical properties. The hardwood jarrah biochar exhibits much higher microporosity, alkalinity and electrostatic capacity than the softwood pine. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis also show a good correlation between CEC–BET–alkalinity, and alkalinity–ash content. These comprehensive characterization and analysis results on biochars’ properties from feedstocks of hardwood (from forest land clearance at mine construction) and waste pine wood (from mining operations) will provide a good guide for tailoring biochar functionalities for remediating metal mine tailings. The relatively inert high-temperature biochars can be stored for a long term at mine closure after decades of operations.     

赤霉酸暴露对SD大鼠青春期发育的影响

赤霉酸是目前国内外使用极其广泛的一种植物生长调节剂,但是针对其发育毒性的数据依然较少。本文探讨了赤霉酸暴露对SD大鼠青春期发育的影响。参考国内外环境内分泌干扰物危害的评价方法,将144只初断乳SD大鼠按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照组和1、10、100 mg·kg-1bw剂量组,采用经口灌胃方式对雄鼠连续染毒28 d,雌鼠连续染毒21 d。暴露结束后检测大鼠的体重、食物利用率、雄鼠包皮分离时间/雌鼠阴道开口时间、血清生化指标、脏器系数及组织病理学的变化。研究结果表明,与对照组相比,仅10和100 mg·kg-1bw剂量组雄鼠的肌酐水平显著升高(P<0.01),100 mg·kg-1bw剂量组雌鼠谷丙转氨酶水平有显著升高(P<0.01)。而与对照组相比,所有剂量组均未观察到大鼠的体重、食物利用率、雄鼠包皮分离时间/雌鼠阴道开口时间、脏器系数等指标有显著性差异的改变(P>0.05),组织病理学结果亦显示大鼠重要器官无损害性改变。因此,在本试验给予的剂量范围内赤霉酸染毒不会对SD大鼠青春期发育产生显著影响。