改进模糊综合评价法在水质评价中的应用

在对水质综合评价的诸多方法中,模糊综合评价法以其评价结果合理、更接近客观实际等优点,得到越来越广泛的应用。由于某些指标其单项标准限值数少于水质总体分级,采用传统模糊评价方法计算得到的隶属度与实际情况并不相符。针对此类情况,对隶属函数加以改进,提出改进后的模糊评价方法,并将此方法应用于长江下游贵池河段2005年-2009年间水环境综合评价,与传统方法计算结果相比较,取得了较好的效果。     

Geographic variations in seed dispersal by ants: are plant and seed traits decisive?

The effect of local ant species on the dispersal success of a myrmecochorous plant, Helleborus foetidus, was analyzed in two populations of the Iberian Peninsula (Caurel and Cazorla, respectively). The contribution of the various local ant species to dispersal was very unequal. While 5 and 19 ant taxa visited the plants of Caurel and Cazorla, respectively, most removal activity (67 and 80%) was performed by two species only (Formica lugubris and Camponotus cruentatus, respectively). Visits by dispersers were also unequally distributed between neighboring plants. While some plants were always visited during the period of seed release, others were never visited. A regression model indicated that this pattern might be explained by two plant traits: ants preferred to visit plants that released more seeds and whose elaiosomes were richer in oleic acid. Although it has long been known that this compound triggers removal by ants, it is the first demonstration that quantitative variations in elaiosome traits contribute to variation in dispersal success. Finally, other variables being equal, morphological traits (seed size, elaiosome size, and elaiosome/seed size ratio) did not affect ant behavior. Although myrmecochory has long been considered a diffuse interaction, our results support the idea that, at local scale, a limited number of ant species may be decisive to its evolution.     

污泥堆肥及其应用研究

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市污水厂所处理的污水量不断增大,由此产生了数量庞大的污泥,致使城市污水厂的污泥的合理处理处置成为研究热点.目前污泥的主要处理方法有卫生填埋、污泥堆肥以及焚烧等,其中污泥堆肥为诸多学者所赞同.文章探讨了污泥堆肥的基本原理与过程,介绍了条垛式堆肥系统、强制通风静态垛系统、反应器堆肥系统以及槽式堆肥系统的发展与污泥堆肥在农业以及绿化方面的应用情况,以期为污泥堆肥的发展与应用提供一定的参考.     

包谷垴-小河断裂——2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震发震构造

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生MS6.5地震。通过对鲁甸地震震源机制解、余震分布、断裂组合样式及区域地质构造背景综合分析,得出以下结论:根据地震等震线长轴衰减方向、震源机制解、震后前期强余震分布样式及地表破裂,判定本次地震的发震构造为包谷垴-小河断裂;根据莲峰断裂、昭通断裂和包谷垴-小河断裂之间的构造组合样式、地表GPS水平运动速率及水平缩短速率的差异性判断包谷垴-小河断裂为同向差异逆冲型捩断层;根据莲峰、昭通断裂带上的地震震源深度分布规律,认为在断裂带下15~20km处地壳物质呈塑性流动状态,在来自大凉山次级块体南东向运动给予的应力挤压下,形成了包谷垴-小河捩断层,并且导致了鲁甸地震的发生。     

Inhibition of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth of Pharbitis nil and the alleviation effect of nitrogen application北大核心CSCD

In plant configuration of landscaping, herbaceous plant is often inter-planted with ornamental tree species. But unreasonable plant collocation may reduce the effectiveness of afforestation for the inhibition effect of tree on the growth of understory, and further more affect the greening effect. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is widely planted in landscaping accompanying herbaceous plants including morning glory (Pharbitis nil). But camphor was reported to have allelopathic effect on its adjacent plant, therefore correct selection and collocation of plants has important significance to obtain good greening effect. This research aimed to study by a pot experiment the effects of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth, phenological traits of Pharbitis nil, as well as modification of these effects by nitrogen application. Three application rates of C. camphora leaf litter including 25, 50 and 100 g/pot (denoted by L25, L50 and L100, respectively) and a control (CK) were implemented. Nitrogen application began on the 34th d of decomposition, with 0.39 g urea being divided into three equal portions and added continuously to each pot. The results showed that (1) The height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass production of Pharbitis nil were all inhibited sharply by exposure to the leaf litter, being decreased by 32.85%-83.78%, 5.23%-23.00%, 30.31%-58.47%, and 40.34%-84.54%, respectively, with the inhibition effect increasing both in intensity and stability with the increase of leaf litter. Such inhibition effect was obviously alleviated by exogenous nitrogen application. (2) The flowering dynamics of Pharbitis nil was greatly impacted by the leaf litter, with the flower initiation 2.5-10.0 d later and the flowering duration 6.3-11.4 d longer compared to the control. Although the leaf litter-treated plants exhibited more (0.5-3.3) flowers than the control, their quality decreased, and the hundred-grain weight of the seed decreased with the increase of leaf litter. However, the differences among treatments in the reproductive parameters mentioned above reduced after nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that leaf litter of C. Camphora has a great allelopathic effect on morphological and reproductive growth of Pharbitis nil, which may be attributed to the release of phototoxic substances during the decomposition process.     

Distribution and diversity of macrobenthic communities in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

Macrobenthic communities are an important part of aquatic ecological system in the Yangtze River. Studies on macrobenthic community structure and diversity have important significance for development and protection of water resources in the Yangtze River. In this research, macrobenthic communities and their habitat in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River were investigated at 17 sites in May and September of 2013. Shannon-wiener diversity index was used to assess the diversity of macrobenthic communities. The results showed that there were 36 species at these 17 sites; the abundance and diversity of macrobenthic community were the highest in the Nanjing Reach and the Changzhou Reach, the lowest in the Nantong Reach of the Yangtze River. Nephthys sp., Grandidierella chaohuensis sp., Gammarus sp., Tubifex sp. and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were the dominant taxa in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River. Cluster analysis based on species abundance yielded four groups among the 17 sites. One-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) suggested significant differences in macrobenthic community structure among the four groups (P < 0.05). The results indicated that factors including aquatic plants, water flow velocity, sediment types and channels can influence the distribution and diversity of macrobenthic communities in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River.     

Nutrient utilization by Casuarina equisetifolia plantation of different ages in the tropical coastal area of South China北大核心CSCD

Casuarina equisetifolia plantation plays a key role in protecting coastal areas from hazardous climate. However, the plantations in the tropical coastal area of south China have degraded severely in recent years. This research aimed to investigate the nutrient status of the plantation ecosystem along a chronological sequence. The results showed that different parts of the Casuarina equisetifolia had very similar level of Carbon (C), 448-462 g kg-1 in the branch and trunk, 416-430 g kg-1 in the leaf and shed leaf, 320-391 g kg-1 in the fine root. Carbon content did not vary with the plantation age. High fine root biomass did not definitely lead to high soil carbon stock. Casuarina equisetifolia had Nitrogen (N) content of 9.9-11.9 g kg-1, with the highest N found in the leaf and fine root. The Phosphorus (P) content was in the order of leaf > fine root > trunk. The plantation in fast growth period of age 6 had the lowest N and P. The soil of 3-year plantation had the highest P content among the 4 age classes, which also resulted in the highest soil C and N content in plantation of 3 years among all. However, the C and N stock of the sandy soil was extremely low compared to normal soil of the region. Soil N was weakly correlated with leaf N, but soil P not correlated with leaf P. Except for the obvious dynamics of C/N and C/P ratios in the leaf, which showed a peak in 6-year plantations, the C/N and C/P ratios of different organs did not change with the plantation age. Casuarina equisetifolia retranslocated nutrients from aging leaf at a rate of 18-30% for N and 43-58% for P. The nutrient resorption efficiency was not correlated with nutrient level in either soil or plant. In summary, Casuarina equisetifolia has low level of nutrient status. The plantation growth is limited by N and P in young period, but by P in relatively older period.     

全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO)单独与联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响

探讨全氟辛烷磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-Zn O)复合暴露对斑马鱼机体氧化损伤和细胞凋亡的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于PFOS(0、0.4、0.8和1.6 mg·L-1)、Nano-Zn O(0、12.5、25和50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+Nano-Zn O(0、0.4+12.5、0.8+25和1.6+50 mg·L-1)溶液中6天后,检测相关的酶活性变化(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)、脂质过氧化物(MDA)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase-3和Caspase-9)和与细胞凋亡相关基因(Bax,p53和Bcl-2)表达情况。结果表明:PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独与复合暴露均可造成斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,但复合暴露组的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡程度明显大于单独暴露组。在PFOS和Nano-Zn O单独和复合暴露组中,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、Gpx、Caspase-3和Caspase-9酶的活性显著升高。而CAT酶活性随着处理浓度的升高抑制作用显著。PFOS与Nano-Zn O复合暴露组与单独暴露组相比,Bax和p53表达显著上调,而Bcl-2表达显著下调。因此,在实验浓度范围内,等毒性配比1:1条件下,推测NanoZn O可以增强PFOS对斑马鱼胚胎的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡毒性。     

黑土微生物量和酶活性对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯污染的响应

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)是一种在环境中广泛存在的有毒有机化合物,已被我国列为优先控制污染物之一。本研究探讨了不同浓度的DBP污染对黑土呼吸、微生物量以及黑土酶活性的影响。结果表明,DBP污染处理的黑土呼吸速率和微生物量碳较对照均显著增加;微生物氮在DBP污染过程中呈"降低-升高-降低"波动性变化;微生物磷与DBP污染浓度呈显著负相关;DBP对黑土多酚氧化酶表现为先促进后抑制,对转化酶和蛋白酶活性表现为低浓度促进而高浓度抑制;在DBP污染过程中脲酶呈现被激活状态;黑土过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶均受到DBP污染的显著抑制。通过相关性分析发现,土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性与DBP污染浓度之间存在着高度的相关性。由此可推断,DBP污染改变了黑土呼吸、微生物量和酶学活性的代谢特征,进而有可能影响了黑土的生态系统功能,威胁到黑土的可持续利用。     

蒲河流域污染源水污染物监测指标筛选研究

科学合理的监测指标对污染源水污染物总量监控体系的构建至关重要。针对监测指标单一、缺乏代表污染源排污情况的特征性监测指标,开展污染源监测指标的优化与筛选。以示范区蒲河流域内机制纸及纸板制造行业为研究对象,采用综合评分法和三参量综合评价指数法进行监测指标的优化与筛选,建立了由COD、氨氮、悬浮物、油类、硫化物、氯化物、挥发酚及AOX等8项监测指标组成的指标体系,为构建动态、智能的辽河流域水环境安全及污染物总量监控体系提供理论依据和技术支撑。