三种重金属对长江口纹缟虾虎鱼早期发育的毒性作用

纹缟虾虎鱼广泛分布于长江口水域,它摄食底栖生物,同时又被大型鱼类所食,在长江口水域食物链中处于重要地位。研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+3种重金属离子对长江口纹缟虾虎鱼从受精卵到出膜期、器官形成初期到出膜期、眼点形成期到出膜期等3个早期发育阶段孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率的影响,同时对早期仔鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明：3种重金属对胚胎及初孵仔鱼毒性大小依次为Cu2+>Zn2+>Pb2+。纹缟虾虎鱼胚胎在3种重金属影响下出现身体弯曲、萎缩和残缺,未能形成体节,心包囊肿等症状,还会出现较少见的胚体分叉、增生现象。纹缟虾虎鱼初孵仔鱼出现胸腔膨大、身体畸形等现象。仔鱼受重金属影响后,短期内表现出运动加剧,而后逐渐活力下降,个别仔鱼出现头部或者身体中部弯曲症状。Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+对早期仔鱼的安全浓度分别为0010、0136和0167 mg/L。研究结果可评估环境中重金属对纹缟虾虎鱼早期发育各个阶段的影响,亦为长江口水质监测与净化、纹缟虾虎鱼的资源增值以及中华鲟幼鱼栖息地饵料资源的保障提供参考.     

Two-stage biodegradation coupled with ultrafiltration for treatment of municipal landfill leachate

The municipal landfill leachate was treated in a hydrolysis–acidification reactor (HAR)/aerobic bio-contact oxidation reactor (ABOR) following a pretreatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Experiments were conducted continuously for 44 days at a constant flow rate of 20 l d⁻¹ and organic loading rates (OLRs) from 0.75 to 1.5 kgCOD m⁻³ per day. The results showed that COD of the leachate steadily decreased from 20,015 mg l⁻¹ to less than 3000 mg l⁻¹, and NH₄-N decreased from 368.6 mg l⁻¹ to 259.3 mg l⁻¹ in the UF process. The COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency of HAR was 56.7% and 27.7%, and that of ABOR was 94.6% and 86.7%, respectively. The total COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency reached 99.6% and 93.2%, respectively. UF and HAR played a critical role in raising the biodegradability of the landfill leachate, while ABOR had an important function on removing the dissolved NH₄-N in leachate.     

Comparison of the results obtained by four receptor modelling methods in aerosol source apportionment studies

In this work the performance and theoretical background behind two of the most commonly used receptor modelling methods in aerosol science, principal components analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF), as well as multivariate curve resolution by alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) and weighted alternating least squares (MCR-WALS), are examined. The performance of the four methods was initially evaluated under standard operational conditions, and modifications regarding data pre-treatment were then included. The methods were applied using raw and scaled data, with and without uncertainty estimations. Strong similarities were found among the sources identified by PMF and MCR-WALS (weighted models), whereas discrepancies were obtained with MCR-ALS (unweighted model). Weighting of input data by means of uncertainty estimates was found to be essential to obtain robust and accurate factor identification. The use of scaled (as opposed to raw) data highlighted the contribution of trace elements to the compositional profiles, which was key to the correct interpretation of the nature of the sources. Our results validate the performance of MCR-WALS for aerosol pollution studies.     

Study on the mechanism of action between dimethyl phthalate and herring sperm DNA at molecular level

Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a typical phthalic acid ester, is widespread in the environment and causes extensive concern due to its adverse effects on human health. To understand the genotoxicity of DMP at molecular level, the toxic interaction of DMP with herring sperm (hs) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; hs-DNA) was investigated in vitro under simulated physiological conditions using multi-spectroscopic techniques and a molecular modeling method. The results of Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectra indicated that DMP interacts with hs-DNA in a groove-binding mode that changes the double helical structure of DNA. The binding constant and the number of binding sites calculated from the fluorescence quenching data were 565.718 L mol^?1 and 0.7872, respectively. A molecular modeling study revealed that DMP tends to bind with DNA in the A-T-rich regions of minor groove and that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces play main roles in the interaction. This research can help to elucidate the mechanism of DMP toxicity in vivo.     

Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of phenothiazine drugs in meat and animal feeds

In this study, 2-chlorophenothiazine was used to synthesize a hapten for production of monoclonal antibody. The obtained monoclonal antibody showed high crossreactivities to chlorpromazine, promethazine and perphenazine, and showed low crossreactivities to acepromazine and fluphenazine. After evaluation of three coating antigens, a heterologous competitive indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed to determine the five phenothiazines in animal feeds and the residues of chlorpromazine, promethazine and perphenazine in meat. The crossreactivities to the five analytes were in a range of 2.4%–98%. The limits of detection for the five drugs in feeds were in a range of 0.1–3.0 μg g^?1, and that for chlorpromazine, promethazine and perphenazine in meat were in a range of 0.5–0.8 ng g^?1. Their recoveries from standards fortified blank samples (chicken, pork and feeds) were in a range of 74.1%–96.5% with coefficients of variation of 6.4%–15.1%. Therefore, this method could be used as a rapid screen tool to determine phenothiazine drugs in animal feeds and animal derived foods.     

粘性泥石流扇状地发展过程实验研究

通过不同泥石流容重、不同堆积区坡度条件、不同水槽坡度条件的泥石流连续堆积实验共3组106次实验,定量地探讨了粘性泥石流扇状地发展过程的阶段性及其特征。以泥石流扇状地纵、横方向的平均堆积坡度为依据,将粘性泥石流扇状地的发展过程划分为三个发展阶段。第一阶段以扇状地在纵、横方向快速发展为特征。第二阶段扇状地纵向不再发展,以横向发展为主。第三阶段以扇状地纵向发展为主,横向发展缓慢。     

Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in Strymon river catchment, Greece: inland, transitional, and coastal waters

Twenty-five sampling stations were selected in order to monitor persistent organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in surface water from Kerkini Lake, the Strymon River, its main tributaries and estuary in N. Aegean Sea during January to July, 2008, according to recent European Union (EU) guidelines. The data were divided among the high (January to April) and the low flow season (May to July). Generally, the values for organic pollutants were within the range reported worldwide for surface water. Elevated PAHs concentrations were observed compared with other places in Greece. Anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene exceeded maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of the relative EU guideline. Also, concentrations above MAC were observed for OCs, γ-HCH, and a-endosulfan. Despite the fact that it is banned since 1972, Aldrin was detected during the monitoring season (from limit of detection (LOD) to 15 ng L(-1)). Total PCB concentrations ranged from LOD to 162 ng L(-1). In addition, the load of organic pollutants was estimated in April (high flow) and June (low flow) in selected sampling stations. According to this estimation, napthalene, anthracene, and fluoranthene (PAHs), total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, and total PCBs had the highest load. Taking into account the relative EU guidelines concerning the pollutants studied, the water quality in the Strymon River catchment could be characterized as poor, which can lead to negative impacts to its biota.     

Effects of reed straw, zeolite, and superphosphate amendments on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from stored duck manure

Stored poultry manure can be a significant source of ammonia (NH) and greenhouse gases (GHGs), including nitrous oxide (NO), methane (CH), and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions. Amendments can be used to modify physiochemical properties of manure, thus having the potential to reduce gas emissions. Here, we lab-tested the single and combined effects of addition of reed straw, zeolite, and superphosphate on gas emissions from stored duck manure. We showed that, over a period of 46 d, cumulative NH emissions were reduced by 61 to 70% with superphosphate additions, whereas cumulative NO emissions were increased by up to 23% compared with the control treatment. Reed straw addition reduced cumulative NH, NO, and CH emissions relative to the control by 12, 27, and 47%, respectively, and zeolite addition reduced cumulative NH and NO emissions by 36 and 20%, respectively. Total GHG emissions (as CO-equivalents) were reduced by up to 27% with the additions of reed straw and/or zeolite. Our results indicate that reed straw or zeolite can be recommended as amendments to reduce GHG emissions from duck manure; however, superphosphate is more effective in reducing NH emissions.     

基质结构对潜流人工湿地氮磷降解规律的影响

构建单层结构及多层结构水平潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,对城市污水处理厂尾水进行深度处理,研究基质结构对人工湿地床体中氮、磷沿程变化规律的影响。实验结果表明,单层基质结构人工湿地氮、磷的降解主要集中在深度为50~85 cm之间的床体表层,底层区域(0~50 cm)浓度变化不显著;多层结构人工湿地床体中氮、磷的降解由进水口到出水口呈较为规律的推流变化,与单层结构系统相比,污染物降解主要发生区域有所扩大,集中在深度为40~85 cm的床体表层,且床体底层0~40 cm氮磷降解同样存在,只是降解速率略有降低。按照填料渗透系数进行多层填充的设计方式能够显著提升潜流人工湿地对污染物的净化性能,单层结构人工湿地系统对氨氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为40.1%和52.9%,而多层结构的平均去除率则为60.4%和73.1%。     

Effects of drought stress on leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch at two water supplies (equivalent to 240 mm for present precipitation and to 120 mm for future decreasing precipitation) were compared. There was a midday depression in net photosynthetic rate (P _N) for either treatment, but stomatal limitation was dominant for present precipitation treatment and non-stomatal limitation for the drought treatment. Compared with present precipitation treatment, P _N, stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) were always lower at drought stress, but stomatal limitation value (L _s) and water use efficiency (WUE) were higher in the morning. The decrease in carboxylation efficiency (CE), apparent quantum yield (AQY), light-saturated photosynthetic rate and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS 2) (F _v/F _m) suggested that rubisco activity reduced and PS 2 partially inactivated during the day under drought. However, part of this inactivation of PS 2 might be alleviated due to increased thermal dissipation under drought.