Evaluation of land use change degree and ecological security in the Manas River Basin,Xinjiang, China

In this paper, we evaluate the extent of land use change and ecological security grades in the Manas River Basin, on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, from 1989–2002. Surveys were performed using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) means, and the relationship between land use change and ecological security was analyzed. The results are as follows: (i) the degree of land use change steadily increased in the Manas River Basin, and overall land use was in a state of development; (ii) From 1989–2002, the ecological security of the drainage basin generally improved somewhat, but deteriorated subsequently in some regions; (iii) the ecological security grade increased in regions with land use composite change extent values of 18–100, and ecological security grade improved from moderate warning in 1989 to early warning in 2002; and (iv) the cumulative areas of regions with relatively secure, and early-warning ecological security grade were ranked by land use degree in the order, V > IV > I > VI > III > II, showing that that regions with land use degree V (woodlands and grasslands) were important areas for ecological restoration and regeneration in this drainage basin, and that it was difficult to improve the ecological environment on sandy soils. We suggest that ecological security grades can be improved by increasing land use degree in regions where it is low.     

Effects of drought stress on leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch at two water supplies (equivalent to 240 mm for present precipitation and to 120 mm for future decreasing precipitation) were compared. There was a midday depression in net photosynthetic rate (P _N) for either treatment, but stomatal limitation was dominant for present precipitation treatment and non-stomatal limitation for the drought treatment. Compared with present precipitation treatment, P _N, stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) were always lower at drought stress, but stomatal limitation value (L _s) and water use efficiency (WUE) were higher in the morning. The decrease in carboxylation efficiency (CE), apparent quantum yield (AQY), light-saturated photosynthetic rate and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS 2) (F _v/F _m) suggested that rubisco activity reduced and PS 2 partially inactivated during the day under drought. However, part of this inactivation of PS 2 might be alleviated due to increased thermal dissipation under drought.     

Environmental change in Bashang region historical periods

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Hydrolysis kinetics of atrazine and influence factors

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＨｙｄｒｏｌｙｓｉｓｉｓｔｈｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｗｉｔｈｗａｔｅｒａｎｄａｌｓｏａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ.Ｈｙｄｒｏｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｏｒｇａｎｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓｏｃｃｕｒｓｖｉａｓｅｖｅｒａｌｐａｔｈｗａｙｓｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ａｃｉｄ , ｂａｓｅａｎｄｎｅｕｔｒａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ.Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ ,ｗａｔｅｒｄｉｓｓｏｃｉａ…     

Concentrative phenomenon of relative content ratios of Cu, Pb and Zn in soils

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｐｐｅｒ,ｌｅａｄａｎｄｚｉｎｃｈａｖｅｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｎｄｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｗｔｈｃｌｏｓｅｌｙｉｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｎａｔｕｒａｌｂｏｄｉｅｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｙｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｈａｖｅｔｈｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙｗｉｔｈｓｕｌｐｈｕｒ.ＰｅｏｐｌｅｈａｖｅｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔＣｕａｎｄＺｎａｒｅｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄＰｂｉｓｄｅｌｅｔｅｒｉｏｕｓｆｏｒｈｕｍａｎｂｏｄｙ .Ｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒ…     

Effect of temperature on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on humic acid

Sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on humic acid at different temperatures were studied. It was found that the sorption process could be modeled with power kinetic equation very well, suggesting that diflusion predominated the sorption of PFOS on the humic acid. The sorption capacity was doubled when the temperature increased from 5 to 35°C, and thermodynamics parameters △G0 was calculated to be -7.11 to -5.04 kJ/mol, △H0 was 14.2 kJ/mol, and △S 0 was 69.5 J/(mol·K), indicating that the sorption was a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy driven process. Desorption hysteresis occurred at all studied temperatures which suggested that humic acid may be an important sink of PFOS in the environment.     

四川甘孜达曲各目弄巴沟泥石流及其防治对策

各目弄巴沟为雅砻江支流达曲的一级支沟,该沟地处川西高山高原区,处于南水北调西线一期达曲工程区内,曾发生过严重的泥石流灾害,直接威胁公路、村庄、学校、小水电站、桥梁等的安全.该沟泥石流具有规模大,危害严重、冲淤强烈、容重大,固体物质粒径粗等特征.在分析了该沟泥石流的特征基础上,预测了泥石流灾害的发展趋势,并提出了泥石流减灾防灾对策.     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

鸟粪对同里湿地底泥重金属含量分布及形态影响

以同里国家湿地公园为研究区,探讨鸟类排泄物对河流底泥重金属全量及形态的影响。选取有鸟粪区域底泥和无鸟粪区域底泥样品,用元素分析仪测定C、N、H、S含量,ICP OES测定重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Co含量,运用Tessier五步法提取可交换态（F1）、碳酸盐结合态（F2）、铁锰氧化态（F3）、有机物结合态（F4）和残渣态（F5）,并对两区域底泥潜在生态风险进行了研究。结果表明：C、N、H、S含量在两区域无显著差异,但有鸟粪区域变异系数高于无鸟粪区域。Cr、Ni和Co均呈现有鸟粪区域显著高于无鸟粪区域（P = 0017,0004,0001 < 005）。同里湿地底泥重金属形态以残渣态为主,但有鸟粪区域底泥重金属有效态占比高于无鸟粪区域。潜在生态风险评估表明同里湿地底泥中5种重金属单因子潜在生态风险和综合潜在风险值均较低,但有鸟粪区域值较高,其潜在生态风险大于无鸟粪区域。综上,有鸟粪区域底泥的重金属含量以及生态风险高于无鸟粪区域,所以对该湿地鸟粪的清理很有必要     

焦化厂建构筑物和生产设施表面PAHs的赋存特征及健康风险

本研究以某典型焦化厂建构筑物及生产设施为对象,从不同功能区、不同材质等角度分析建构筑物及生产设施表面多环芳烃(PAHs)的赋存特征,并评价其健康风险.结果表明,焦化厂建构筑物及生产设施表面的PAHs含量范围为8. 00×10~(-2)～1. 98×102μg·dm~(-2).其中,22. 0%的擦拭样品PAHs含量超出了世界贸易中心工作组(WTCTG)的规定限值(1. 45μg·dm~(-2)),PAHs最大超标可达135倍.PAHs含量高值主要分布在炼焦区和精制区,其中,炼焦区样品PAHs含量均值最高,达12. 1μg·dm~(-2).研究区中防锈漆材质表面PAHs含量均值和超标率最高,砖和水泥次之,玻璃对PAHs的吸附和富集能力最小.采用美国超级基金方法对各功能区开展健康风险评估研究,其中,炼焦区及精制区内PAHs存在致癌风险,其致癌单体对暴露人群的总致癌风险值可达3. 78×10~(-6)～1. 32×10~(-5),均高于US EPA标准下限10~(-6).场地建构筑物及生产设施表面的有机污染物分布规律及健康风险结果可为污染场地环境管理和治理对策提供科学依据.