Review of China’s policy and management system for the paid use of sea area

As a carrier to develop various marine resources, sea area is regulated as a kind of important resources through legislation by many coastal countries with a management system for the paid use of sea area. Since the early 1990s, China has begun to implement the paid use and formed an institutional system comprised of three levels after developing it for more than two decades. From 2002 to 2015, the Chinese Government transferred the use right of sea area of 33,910 km² by paid use and levied a total of 75.89 billion CNY (11.328 billion US dollars) of sea area use payment. Apart from this, the Government has gained rich experience in operating and managing the compensable use of sea area. After retrospectively analyzing the development history of paid use of China’s sea area, the research presents an institutional structure and the implementation of the management system for the paid use of sea area and the main problems therein. On this basis, management policies and feasible policy suggestions are proposed. Research results from this study can provide available references for other developing countries and emerging economies to apply and improve native management system for the paid use of sea area.     

Assessment of Flood Losses with Household Responses: Agent-Based Simulation in an Urban Catchment Area

Densely populated coastal urban areas are often exposed to multiple hazards, in particular floods and storms. Flood defenses and other engineering measures contribute to the mitigation of flood hazards, but a holistic approach to flood risk management should consider other interventions from the human side, including warning information, adaptive behavior, people/property evacuation, and the multilateral relief in local communities. There are few simulation approaches to consider these factors, and these typically focus on collective human actions. This paper presents an agent-based model that simulates flood response preferences and actions taken within individual households to reduce flood losses. The model implements a human response framework in which agents assess different flood scenarios according to warning information and decide whether and how much they invest in response measures to reduce potential inundation damages. A case study has been carried out in the Ng Tung River basin, an urbanized watershed in northern Hong Kong. Adopting a digital elevation model (DEM) as the modeling environment and a building map of household locations in the case area, the model considers the characteristics of households and the flood response behavior of their occupants. We found that property value, warning information, and storm conditions all influence household losses, with downstream and high density areas being particularly vulnerable. Results further indicate (i) that a flood warning system, which provides timely, accurate, and broad coverage rainstorm warning, can reduce flood losses by 30–40%; and (ii) to reduce losses, it is more effective and cheaper to invest early in response measures than late actions. This dynamic agent-based modeling approach is an innovative attempt to quantify and model the role of human responses in flood loss assessments. The model is demonstrated being useful for analyzing household scale flood losses and responses and it has the potential to contribute to flood emergency planning resource allocation in pluvial flood incidents.     

近25年三峡库区土地覆被变化及驱动力分析

基于1990、2000、2005、2010和2015年五期30 m空间分辨率土地覆被遥感数据,利用动态度模型和转移矩阵,综合分析了近25 a三峡库区土地覆被的时空格局、变化特征及驱动力。研究结果表明：2015年三峡库区土地覆被以森林和耕地为主,分别占总面积的41.45%和24.58%;1990~2015年三峡库区人工表面、湿地、森林和其他用地的面积增长明显,耕地、灌丛和草地的面积整体减少,区域综合土地覆被动态度呈先增加后稳定的变化趋势,人工表面是最为活跃的土地覆被类型,其次是湿地和耕地;前10 a三峡库区人工表面占用耕地较为突出,后15 a土地覆被类型转换主要为森林、灌丛和耕地转为人工表面和湿地;三峡工程建设、移民安置与迁建、经济发展与城镇化导致人工表面不断扩张,水库蓄水导致湿地面积迅速增加,农业结构调整促使园地面积扩张。三峡库区近25 a来,在退耕还林等生态保护政策影响下,生态环境状况趋于改善,库区森林面积显著增加,坡耕地面积持续减少,但人地矛盾日益突出,研究结果可为后三峡时代库区生态环境保护与社会经济的协调发展提供数据支撑。     

防腐漆涂装含锌废水中锌粉的回收与利用

从水性环氧富锌涂料工业涂装废水中回收废锌粉,通过加热二甲基亚砜来溶解包覆于废锌粉表面的环氧树脂漆膜,得到回收锌粉,并将其再利用制防腐漆。在沉降时间12 h、热处理温度110 ℃、热处理时间60 min的条件下,废锌粉表面上的环氧树脂被去除,可直接以金属锌粉的形态加以回收利用,回收锌粉达到GB/T 6890—2012《锌粉》中的二级标准。使用后的溶剂经旋转蒸发后可再次使用,对锌粉的回收效果无影响。回收锌粉制备的防腐漆,其防腐蚀性能良好,可比市售锌粉。     

大气污染光学遥感技术及发展趋势

空气质量和气候变化是影响人类生存环境的两大主要因素,它们与大气构成变化密切相关,因此,必须对影响人类生存和决定对流层成分的大气过程进行监测。随着监测技术的发展,大气环境监测方法从常规的监测体系向理化、遥测、应急等多种监测分析方法相结合的综合监测技术方向发展。基于激光/光谱的大气污染监测技术以光学探测和光谱数据解析为核心,探测大气痕量气体和颗粒物的时空分布特征和输送规律,并逐渐运用于球载、无人机、卫星等区域动态遥测,可为中国大气灰霾形成的关键影响因素识别提供技术支持。     

基于天然椰丝纤维填料的低氨氮废水SNAP系统自然挂膜构建

针对低氨氮废水单级自养脱氮工艺(SNAP)系统的构建需要接种特殊种源且工程应用复杂的问题,采用生物亲和性好的天然椰丝纤维为填料,开展了低氨氮废水SNAP系统自然挂膜构建实验,考察了进水COD/TN对系统脱氮效能及脱氮路径的影响.结果 表明:在温度为(30±1)℃、进水氮负荷为0.1 kg·(m3·d)-1时,采用自然挂...     

珠江三角洲典型过程VOCs的平均浓度与化学反应活性

分析了珠江三角洲秋季VOCs在相对污染与清洁情况下的日变化特征.污染情况下的VOCs质量浓度可达清洁情况下的2.2倍,污染富集的是甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、正丁烷、戊烷、丙烷、乙炔、乙烯等物种.自然排放的异戊二烯具有早晚浓度低而白天浓度高的日变化规律,体现植物的光合作用特征;而人类活动污染排放的甲苯其日变化规律基本反映了气象条件与污染源排放日变化的影响,在相对污染情况下早上出现明显的污染富集,午后出现污染低值.反应活性较强的物质主要是烯烃(反式-2-丁烯、异戊二烯、顺2-戊烯)与芳香烃(间对-二甲苯、甲苯);烯烃的质量百分比最低,却占最高的化学反应活性百分比.     

基于2.4G无线通讯的绝缘子喷涂清洁设备控制系统

为了更好地满足电网的安全可靠运营,提高并改善喷涂与清洁效果,亟需开发自动化程度高的绝缘子喷涂、清洗设备及其控制系统。本文结合2.4 G无线通讯短距离通讯技术,提供绝缘子喷涂与清洁机械臂的应用方案,其中电气电子控制系统包括无线组网控制、机械臂定位控制及喷涂过程控制,由主控制中心集中控制平台升降、机械臂动作、物料车动作,实现清洗、风干、喷涂、散料回收的过程控制,在电网系统中的绝缘子喷涂清洁领域具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

换热器不锈钢换热管束开裂原因分析

一台换热器换热管束发生了开裂泄漏.采取全面检验的方式,通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、断口微观形貌和能谱分析、金相分析等方法,对换热管开裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:该换热管开裂为氯化物应力腐蚀开裂.壳程介质循环冷却水中CI元素含量是应力腐蚀开裂的主要因素,结构缺陷、敏感的工作温度区间、水中溶解氧和含S杂质导致了应力腐蚀的快速发展.