扰动强度对钝化剂抑制滇池沉积物磷释放的影响

选取滇池福保湾表层沉积物,以聚合氯化铝为钝化剂,研究了扰动强度对钝化剂抑制沉积物中磷释放的影响.结果表明,当扰动强度低于一定范围时,聚合氯化铝对沉积物中的磷有抑制作用,当转速为0,60,120r/min时,对应的水中磷浓度分别为初始值的62.5%,71.7%和83.4%;当转速达到240r/min时,沉积物会向水中释放大量磷,钝化作用完全被破坏,水中磷浓度为初始值的3.3倍.此外,在转速低于120r/min时,磷形态主要是以无机磷(DIP)为主的溶解性磷(DTP),而转速达到240r/min时,水中DTP/TP30%,DIP/DTP40%,即磷形态主要为不溶性磷,溶解性磷中以有机磷(DOP)为主.     

污泥干化过程中苯系物(BTEX)的释放及其致癌风险评价

在模拟污泥干化的条件下,研究了4种类型污水污泥苯系物(BTEX)的释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,在50-300℃的干化温度范围内,4种污泥的BTEX释放总置在4.20～161.90μg·m-3之间;在温度高于150℃之后,各类污泥中的BTEX释放量大幅增加;而低于150℃的情况下,污泥中BTEX的释放量仅占总BTEX释放量的5.09%.不同温度下污泥的BTEX释放量与其在污泥中的含量之间存在显著的线性关系.不同类型的污泥其所释放的BTEX组分之间具有较大的差别,污泥中BTEX的含量决定其所释放的数量,而其释放强度则取决于干化温度.对污泥释放BTEX进行健康风险评价表明,各类污泥在150～300℃下所释放的苯对暴露人员存在一定的致癌风险,其中女性相对于男性致癌风险更高.控制污泥干化温度可以最大限度地减少BTEX释放,进而降低致癌风险.     

建筑电气火灾事故人员不安全行为风险评估

为量化分析建筑电气火灾事故中不安全动作造成的风险,本文运用事故致因"2-4"模型从火源产生、火灾发展、灭火3个环节进行事故直接原因分析;然后将各环节的不安全动作风险后果和发生概率设为随机变量,构建基于蒙特卡罗法的事故人员不安全行为风险评估模型,运用Crystal Ball 11.1软件分析模拟3个环节不安全动作风险,并对人员不安全行为的敏感性和不确定性进行分析;最后提出建筑电气火灾事故人员不安全动作风险预防措施.结果表明:火源产生环节行为风险最大,火灾发展环节行为风险最小;电器产品使用不当,违规存储、使用易燃易爆物品,未按规定维护保养消防器材设施这3种不安全动作对建筑电气火灾行为风险影响较大.     

Characterizing In Situ Methane‐Enhanced Biostimulation Potential for 1,4‐Dioxane Biodegradation in Groundwater

This study characterizes the 1,4‐dioxane biodegradation potential for an in situ methane‐enhanced biostimulation field pilot study conducted at Air Force Plant 44, located south of the Tucson International Airport in Arizona. In this study, the use of methane as the primary substrate in aerobic cometabolic biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane is evaluated using environmental molecular diagnostic tools. The findings are compared to an adjacent pilot study, wherein methane was generated via enhanced reductive dechlorination and where methane monooxygenase and methane‐oxidizing bacteria were also found to be abundant. This article also presents the use of ¹³C and ²H isotopic ratio enrichment, a more recent tool, to support the understanding of 1,4‐dioxane biodegradation in situ. This study is the first of its kind, although alkane gas‐enhanced biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane has been evaluated extensively in microcosm studies and propane‐enhanced biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane has been previously studied in the field. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物浸出铅锌硫化矿尾矿及浸出过程中重金属形态分析研究

研究嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f)对铅锌硫化矿尾矿重金属离子的生物浸出和重金属形态变化有助于了解生物浸出作用的过程变化.通过考察生物浸出体系中不同的矿浆浓度对pH值和浸出尾矿重金属的影响,探究生物浸出过程的重金属形态变化情况.结果表明,生物浸出作用对pH值和尾矿重金属的浸出影响巨大,随着矿浆浓度的增加,pH值下降速率呈现先升高后降低、重金属浸出率也呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最佳的生物浸出矿浆浓度为50 g·L~(-1),Fe和Zn的最佳浸出率分别为85.45%和97.85%.重金属形态分析表明,生物浸出作用对尾矿重金属形态变化产生巨大的影响,随着浸出时间的延长,重金属形态逐渐改变,首先易迁移的重金属被生物浸出,然后稳定的重金属也逐渐被生物浸出.     

基于卫星观测的2005—2015年京津冀地区NO2柱浓度分布及变化趋势

为更好地了解京津冀地区NO₂浓度的长期时空分布变化特征,对2005—2015年京津冀地区对流层NO₂柱浓度数据进行了统计分析.结果表明,京津冀地区对流层NO₂柱浓度在2005—2010年增加明显,年均复合增长率为6.8%,并在2010年达到峰值,为1 329.07×1013 mol/cm2;2010—2013年保持相对稳定;2013—2015年显著下降,降幅达26.2%.2015年NO₂柱浓度为964.43×1013 mol/cm2,基本与2005年的浓度水平持平.北京地区NO₂柱浓度最先开始下降并保持降低趋势,其中北京市城区降幅远大于郊区,并在2015年达到最低值,为1 647.38×1013 mol/cm2;天津市城、郊区NO₂柱浓度变化相近,总体上均呈先增后减的趋势,并且均在2010年达到峰值,分别为2 686.96×1013、2 019.36×1013 mol/cm2;而河北省西南部(石家庄、邢台、邯郸市)在近两年降幅最为明显,均在35.0%以上.京津冀对流层NO₂柱浓度呈由南向北递减的空间分布趋势,高值区主要分布于京津唐一带以及河北省南部沿太行山一带.研究显示,虽然近年来京津冀地区NO₂柱浓度降幅明显,但相比于周边地区仍面临较大的减排压力.      

How China’s current energy pricing mechanisms will impact its marginal carbon abatement costs?

Economic and social costs and benefits are critical factors affecting greenhouse gas abatement activities. Recognizing that energy prices are one of the most important factors influencing abatement costs, this study improved the basic China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) model by introducing a current energy pricing mechanism for China. The improved model was applied to generate marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves for China including the current energy pricing mechanism and to analyze MACs for the whole country and main abatement sectors in China under different energy pricing mechanisms. The results show that China MACs are sensitive to pricing mechanisms for electricity and refined oil. Ignoring the current regulation of these prices will lead to MAC underestimation, and price liberalization of these two energy sources could lead to a decrease in China MACs. Under a 50 % emission reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is ignored, the China MAC is underestimated by almost 16 %. Energy pricing reforms will lead to variations in sectoral abatement costs and overall abatement potential, and these impacts are projected to be large in the electricity sector. Under a 50 % reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is liberalized, MAC for the electricity sector nearly will decrease 50 %.     

Bi2O3-TiO2复合光催化剂协同处理铬-邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染

以硝酸铋和钛酸丁酯为前驱体,采用水热法制备了Bi_2O_3-TiO_2复合半导体材料,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UVVis)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对复合材料的结构进行了表征.同时,考察了Bi_2O_3-TiO_2复合材料对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和难降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)复合污染的处理性能,并探讨了复合催化剂协同处理复合污染的作用机制.结果表明:该复合催化剂在可见光下能同时降低重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和有机物DBP的浓度,抑制电子和空穴复合,表现出比对单一Cr(Ⅵ)及DBP污染物更高的处理效率.当Bi_2O_3含量为4%时,复合催化剂表现出最佳的光催化活性.     

Efficient treatment of azo dye containing wastewater in a hybrid acidogenic bioreactor stimulated by biocatalyzed electrolysis

In this study, a novel scaled-up hybrid acidogenic bioreactor(HAB) was designed and adopted to evaluate the performance of azo dye(acid red G, ARG) containing wastewater treatment. Principally, HAB is an acidogenic bioreactor coupled with a biocatalyzed electrolysis module. The effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT) and ARG loading rate on the performance of HAB were investigated. In addition, the influent was switched from synthetic wastewater to domestic wastewater to examine the key parameters for the application of HAB. The results showed that the introduction of the biocatalyzed electrolysis module could enhance anoxic decolorization and COD(chemical oxygen demand) removal. The combined process of HAB-CASS presented superior performance compared to a control system without biocatalyzed electrolysis(AB-CASS). When the influent was switched to domestic wastewater, with an environment having more balanced nutrients and diverse organic matters, the ARG, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies of HAB-CASS were further improved, reaching 73.3% ± 2.5%, 86.2% ± 3.8% and 93.5% ± 1.6% at HRT of 6 hr, respectively, which were much higher than those of AB-CASS(61.1% ± 4.7%,75.4% ± 5.0% and 82.1% ± 2.1%, respectively). Moreover, larger TCV/TV(total cathode volume/total volume) for HAB led to higher current and ARG removal. The ARG removal efficiency and current at TCV/TV of 0.15 were 39.2% ± 3.7% and 28.30 ± 1.48 m A,respectively. They were significantly increased to 62.1% ± 2.0% and 34.55 ± 0.83 m A at TCV/TV of 0.25. These results show that HAB system could be used to effectively treat real wastewater.     

Estimation of bioaccessibility and potential human health risk of mercury in Chinese patent medicines

Mercury(Hg), mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chinese patent medicines(CPMs) was measured by using an in vitro simulated digestion system, consisting of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, to investigate the bioavailability of mercury in CPMs and evaluate its potential risk to human health. Total mercury and mercury in the gastrointestinal extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The levels of total Hg in 16 CPMs ranged from not detected to 11.89 mg/g, with a mean value of 1.13 mg/g, while the extractable Hg ranged from not detected to 4.37 μg/g, with a mean value of 0.42 μg/g.Mercury bioaccessibility varied significantly in the investigated CPMs, depending on the ingredient. Compared to the CPMs without cinnabar(2.5%–30.9%), the percentage of mercury in the gastrointestinal supernatants for CPMs with cinnabar was quite a bit lower(0.037%). By comparing with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives(FAO/WHO) safety guideline, the average daily intake dose(ADD) of Hg in the medicines was then calculated to access the risk of mercury to human health from taking CPMs.