电催化氧化技术处理造纸废水的实验研究

通过邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHP)溶液的电解实验研究了德国引进的金属铌掺硼金刚石膜电极(Nb/BDD)的电化学性质,并利用该电极处理装置处理了东莞某造纸厂造纸废水。考察了电解时间、电流强度及废水的pH值、电解质的浓度、电导率等参数对电化学降解效率的影响。结果表明,Nb/BDD具有优异的污水降解性能,在pH值为3.0,电流密度为37.23 mA/cm2,电压6.9 V,NaCl充当电解质质量浓度0.4 g/L的条件下,电解200 min,装置对再生纸造纸废水的COD的去除率接近70%,BOD/COD为0.4,比能耗为27.6(kW.h/kg)。     

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Investigations on Groundwater Salinization in the Datong Basin,Northern China1

Abstract: Analyses of major elements, environmental isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O, δ²H), and PHREEQC inverse modeling investigations were conducted to understand the processes controlling the salinization of groundwater within the Datong Basin. The hydrochemical results showed that groundwater with high total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations was dominated by sodium bicarbonate (Na‐HCO₃), sodium chlorite (Na‐Cl), and sodium sulfate (Na‐SO₄) type waters, whereas low‐TDS groundwater from near mountain areas was dominated by calcium bicarbonate (Ca‐HCO₃) and magnesium bicarbonate (Mg‐HCO₃) type waters. The characterization of the major components of groundwater and PHREEQC inverse modeling indicated that the aluminosilicate hydrolysis, cation exchange, and dissolution of evaporites (halite, mirabilite, and gypsum) governed the salinization of groundwater within the Datong Basin. The environmental isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) and Cl^?/Br^? ratios revealed the impact of fast vertical recharge by irrigation returns and salt‐flushing water on the groundwater salinization. According to the analyses of major hydrochemical components and PHREEQC inverse modeling, evaporite dissolution associated with irrigation and salt‐flushing practice was probably the dominant controlling factor for the groundwater salinization, especially in the central part of the basin. Therefore, groundwater pumping for irrigation and salt‐flushing should be controlled to protect groundwater quality in this area.     

改进的稳健统计技术在排水检测人员技能评价中的应用

目前排水检测行业中仍缺乏对技术人员进行技能评价的方法,或虽有评价方法,但方法存在不尽规范、合理等问题。稳健统计技术作为能力验证试验中广泛使用的结果评价方法,可消除异常数据的影响,使评价结果准确可靠。将稳健统计技术改进,作为技能评价要素中的一个分量,按照操作的准确性、规范性与熟练性三个方面评价排水检测人员检测数据结果,可以较科学、合理地反映检测人员的技能水平,为提高检测工作质量和实验室管理起到一定的借鉴作用。     

原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷含量的不确定度评定

对采用原子荧光法测定污泥中总砷过程中引入的不确定度进行分析,找出了影响测定结果的因素,并对各不确定度分量及合量进行了评定。测量不确定度主要来源于试样称量、标准溶液配制、工作曲线拟合、污泥含水率、各种玻璃量器的使用及测量重复性。其中样品预处理、样品消解液中总砷的质量浓度及污泥含水率所产生的不确定度较大。这对进一步优化试验方法,提高检测结果的准确性有重要意义。     

某核设施退役产生的低放废物整备

为了对经多年暂存且受“5．12”地震影响的放射性废物包装体运输到国家规定处置场进行处置,需对待运输的放射性废物包装体进行整备以达到运输和暂存的要求,待整备的放射性废物采用符合标准要求的放射性废物整备工艺流程处理后,尤其是对放射性泥土和已损坏或变形严重的包装体采用自主研发的工艺进行整备后,放射性废物包装体达到了相关标准要求,满足了放射性物质安全运输规定和放射性废物体和废物包的特性鉴定要求,放射性废物整备运输后减轻了项目实施单位的废物暂存压力。     

有机物料添加对植物修复铬污染土壤的影响

为探讨有机物料添加对植物修复铬污染耕地土壤的强化效果,在联栋温室中进行室内培养试验和盆栽试验,利用Tessier连续提取法对添加牛粪、羊粪和玉米秸秆后的土壤中铬形态分布进行分析.通过S-N-K法、Pearson相关分析等研究添加有机物料后,紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝对修复土壤的铬富集系数及铬去除率的影响,并探讨其与铬形态间的相互关系.结果表明,添加牛粪或羊粪的土壤中交换态铬分别比空白处理增加1.30％和0.98％.添加牛粪可显著提高紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝的根干重和茎叶干重,添加羊粪或玉米秸秆仅可显著提高富集植物的茎叶干重,对根干重无显著影响.添加羊粪或牛粪处理的紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝,修复土壤的铬富集系数均显著高于空白处理.添加玉米秸秆紫羊茅修复土壤的铬富集系数显著高于空白处理,羽衣甘蓝修复土壤的铬富集系数与空白处理无显著差异.3种有机物料的添加均能增强羽衣甘蓝和紫羊茅对铬污染土壤的修复效果,其中添加牛粪诱导强化羽衣甘蓝修复铬污染土壤的效果最佳,对土壤中铬的去除率达到19.62％.紫羊茅和羽衣甘蓝修复土壤的铬富集系数及铬去除率均与土壤交换态铬显著正相关,与碳酸盐结合态铬比例呈极显著负相关.有机物料,尤其是养殖废弃物的添加,能有效提高土壤中可交换态铬比例,进而提高植物修复铬污染土壤的效率.     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase （EROD） activity and its correlation with cytochrome P4501A （CYP1A） protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP （10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively） or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP （0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively） every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second intraperitoneal injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites （100 ng/L） was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity （1000 ng/L）. The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH） metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

废旧锂离子电池资源化技术研究

通过介绍废旧锂离子电池的组成成分及近年来废旧锂离子电池资源化处理技术的研究进展,提出目前主要回收方法有溶解分离法和直接回收正极材料的新型方法等,并对现有研究中存在的二次污染、安全性问题进行了初步探讨。     

双钧安全带及安全防护网的研制与应用

井架用于安放天车、悬挂游车、大钩、水龙头、大钳和吊卡等起升设备和工具,并用以起下和存放钻具、油管、抽油杆或下套管的钢架结构.塔型井架是横截面为正方形或矩形的四棱截锥形空间桁架结构的井架.由许多单一构件用螺栓连接组成,并在井场组装或拆散运移.塔型井架的拆装作业在最高高度为41m的高空进行,属于特高空作业,在施工过程中,易发生高空坠落事故.为保障员工的生命安全,防止事故的发生,胜利石油管理局黄河钻井钻前公司研制了双钩安全带及安全防护网,经现场试用,效果良好.     

HSE培训课程体系建设初探

通过调研国内外HSE培训课程建设情况,提出了建设中国石化HSE培训课程体系的主体架构和主要课程.结合 HSE培训实践活动,阐述了中国石化HSE培训课程体系建设设想.