球形纤维素吸附剂对Cr3+吸附和解吸的研究

用静态法和动态法研究了球形纤维素吸附剂对水中 Cr3+的吸附和解吸 ,包括静态等温吸附以及各种因素对吸附的影响等 ,并探讨了吸附机理。 Cr3+的吸附容量为 2 8mg/ g,采用浓度为 1.2 mol/ L 的 HCl溶液作解吸液回收 Cr3+的综合效果较好。静态法和动态法的吸附率均达 90 %左右 ,解吸率均达 85 %以上 ,且静态法的吸附率和解吸率分别略高于动态法的吸附率和解吸率 ,但动态法耗时短 ,更符合工业化要求。     

闪火灾害的后果分析

闪火是可燃性气体或蒸气泄漏到空气中并与之混合被点燃而发生的一种非爆炸性的蒸气云燃烧,其主要危害是热辐射和火焰直接灼烧。闪火的热辐射计算包括闪火动力特性及热通量计算。热辐射的大小由火焰的辐射能,视角系数和大气传输率所决定。运用Pietersen(1990)热辐射的伤害－破坏理论,分析计算了一起闪火灾害热辐射造成人的伤害后果和对建筑物的破坏后果。     

原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜样品中铅

铅作为一种对人体有害元素,在蔬菜样品中必须被检测。应用原子荧光光度计检测铅的含量,具有取样量少、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,适合于环境样品的分析检测。     

生化-氧化偶合絮凝法处理含季铵盐高浓度有机工业废水

采用厌氧-好氧-氧化偶合絮凝工艺处理特种有机废水,研究了在不同运行参数条件下处理废水的效果。结果表明,在进水COD为2500～3000mg/L范围内,经厌氧-二级好氧处理,COD总去除率可达95%,再通过氧化偶合絮凝处理,出水COD可降至80mg/L以下,COD总去除率可高达97%以上,达到工业废水排放标准。      

长江武汉段水体悬浮物中有机氯农药的残留状况

以α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH,p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDT和HCB等9种有机氯农药为目标污染物,采用索氏提取和气相色谱法,对长江武汉段水体悬浮物中有机氯农药的残留进行调查分析。调查发现,在长江武汉段水体悬浮物中,六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)类有机氯农药均被检出,其中六氯苯(HCB)在表层沉积物中的残留量(质量分数)为0 37～9 06ng g,平均为2 89ng g;六六六类农药在悬浮物中的残留量(质量分数)为0 23～1 90ng g,平均为0 76ng g;滴滴涕类在悬浮物中的残留量(质量分数)为0 18～4 67ng g,平均为1 31ng g。在长江武汉段水体悬浮物中,HCB,p,p′-DDE和γ-HCH的被检出率和残留量均最高,为主要污染物。      

A simulation model for projecting changes in salinity concentrations and species dominance in the coastal margin habitats of the Everglades

Sharp boundaries typically separate the salinity tolerant mangroves from the salinity intolerant hardwood hammock species, which occupy the similar geographical areas of southern Florida. Evidence of strong feedback between tree community-type and the salinity of the unsaturated (vadose) zone of the soil suggests that a severe disturbance that significantly tilts the salinity in the vadose zone might cause a shift from one vegetation type to the other. In this study, a model based upon the feedback dynamics between vegetation and salinity of the vadose zone of the soil was used to take account of storm surge events to investigate the mechanisms that by which this large-scale disturbance could affect the spatial pattern of hardwood hammocks and mangroves. Model simulation results indicated that a heavy storm surge that completely saturated the vadose zone at 30 ppt for 1 day could lead to a regime shift in which there is domination by mangroves of areas previously dominated by hardwood hammocks. Lighter storm surges that saturated the vadose zone at less than 7 ppt did not cause vegetation shifts. Investigations of model sensitivity analysis indicated that the thickness of the vadose zone, coupled with precipitation, influenced the residence time of high salinity in the vadose zone and therefore determined the rate of mangrove domination. The model was developed for a southern Florida coastal ecosystem, but its applicability may be much broader.     

广州帽峰山林区空气负离子动态及与环境因子的关系

采用定位连续观测方法,研究了广州帽峰山森林公园负离子含量近5年的年、季、月变化及不同天气的变化规律,并以此对帽峰山森林公园的空气质量进行了计量评价.分析了空气负离子含量与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明:林区不同观测区的负离子含量差异较大,山下瀑布空间负离子含量最高.平均水平达达2l 729 ions.cm-3;林内负离子含量年间及月间变化不大,沟谷小溪和山中部瀑布空间由于人为干扰,负离子含量年动态呈现降低趋势,山下瀑布空间年负离子含量维持在20000 iotis·cm-3左右;负离子含量的季节差异显著,春夏季大于冬秋季,夏季最高、冬季最低.空气质量评价系数CI的最低在2月份、最高在8月份.不同天气条件下负离子含量大小顺序为下雨>晴天>阴天.负离子含量与空气温度呈正相关,与空气湿度呈正相关.与空气气压呈负相关.     

不同温度与威百亩联合时对线虫的杀灭效果评价

通过设定不同温度、培养时间及其与熏蒸剂威百亩结合,对青岛、固安、北京三地线虫的杀灭效果进行了测定.结果表明,不添加熏蒸剂时,线虫在50℃、55℃、25℃处理187 h,死亡率分别为100%、100%、10%左右.说明50℃以上不利于线虫的生存.当用威百亩8.4 mg·kg-1处理土壤,在40℃、50℃、25℃培养168 h或威百亩12.8 mg·kg-1处理土壤培养24 h,线虫死亡率分别为100%、100%、60%左右.由此可见,在不利线虫生长的环境条件下,添加少量的熏蒸剂,可显著提高熏蒸剂的杀线虫效果.     

重金属污染土壤植物修复研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当今世界面临的主要环境问题之一.植物修复定义为利用绿色植物去除环境中的污染物或使其无害化的生物技术.与传统环境修复技术相比,植物修复技术具有治理成本的低廉性,环境美学的兼容性,治理过程的原位性.本文主要对超富集植物的概念和特征、土壤重金属污染植物修复的方法和原理以及土壤重金属植物修复技术的强化措施进行了综述,并对植物修复的近期研究工作进行了展望.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal.