涠洲12-1油田油井结垢机理研究

采用X射线衍射法分析了涠洲12-1油田A3油井井筒垢样,并对结垢离子的来源、结垢机理、结垢原因及结垢部位进行了分析。结果表明,涠洲12-1油田中块油井垢样的主要成分中61.3%是BaSr(SO4)2。结垢阳离子主要源于地层中含锶、钡等重矿物在高温、高压及高矿化度条件下的溶解和解离,结垢阴离子主要源于地层中硫酸盐矿物(如BaSO4、SrSO4)溶解、解离及注入水(海水)。结垢是注入水与地层水不配伍引起的,涠洲12-1油田防垢应以预防BaSr(SO4)2为主。     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

两宋时期瘟疫灾害时空分布规律初探

两宋自公元960年宋太祖赵匡胤建立宋朝起,经北宋(公元960～1127年)与南宋(公元1127～1279年)共320年。该时期是我国历史上的重要转型期,各种疫情凸显,带来了深重的灾难。宋代发生流行型疫病204次,12个种类,其中引起疫灾49次。无论从京城到地方,从皇室、军队到百姓,还是从正史、名著到野史,不乏有关瘟疫的记载。随着当时政治经济中心从开封向临安迁移,瘟疫灾害的重灾区从开封迁移到杭州,受灾次数从东南向西南逐渐减少。孝宗时期至宁宗(1163～1223年)瘟疫发生频率最高,理宗时期至宋亡(1224年～1279年)发生频率最低。夏秋季节,各种疾疫尤为流行。     

运用PDCA管理方法提升HSE管理体系运行绩效

胜利油田某采油厂从2003年发布实施HSE管理体系文件以来,运用PDCA（计划、实施、检查、持续改进）管理方法,解决HSE建立与运行过程中“水土不服”和“两张皮”的问题,HSE管理体系运行绩效不断提升。     

广州市环境监测业务管理系统开发若干问题探讨

在环境监测业务不断发展变化,机构和体系不断优化改进的客观条件下,没有用户能确保其需求长期稳定不变。如果没有一种合适的开发思路和解决方案,监测业务管理系统的实用性和适用周期的问题将得不到有效解决。本文结合广州市环境监测业务管理系统开发和应用的实践,对这一问题进行了深入探讨,同时介绍了在实际开发中的解决办法。     

湿地土壤Fe与N耦合过程研究进展

地球系统的耦合过程研究是目前地球表层系统地理过程研究的重点内容,湿地是地球表层生态系统重要的组成部分.湿地土壤季节性或长期处于积水的厌氧状态,这一厌氧环境中的Fe、N在氧化还原过程中存在微生物作用下的耦合过程.这种耦合过程主要表现在3个方面,即微生物利用NO 3-氧化Fe2+、利用Fe3+氧化NH 4+以及湿地厌氧土壤中NO 3-对于Fe3+还原的抑制作用.这一耦合过程的研究对于认识湿地中Fe、N的循环具有重要意义.文章从3个方面综述了湿地土壤Fe与N耦合过程的研究现状.总体看来,目前对于NO 3-氧化Fe2+方面的研究较另外两方面更深入,因此应加强Fe3+氧化NH 4+的微生物机制、Fe与N耦合过程的综合评价等方面的研究,从而为人们更好地了解和掌握湿地生物地球化学循环过程提供理论依据.     

气质联用法测定空气中挥发性有机物的方法研究

通过美国Entech公司Summa罐采集大气样品,7100型大气预浓缩系统提取和富集样品中的挥发性有机物,省去了繁琐的有机物提取和净化工序,避免和有机溶剂接触,将样品直接输入气质联机进行分析。利用这种方法定性分析了某油罐区的大气成分．结果表明该地区大气中含有成分复杂的环己烷、苯和萘的衍生物,这些化合物的浓度远远大于居民区同类化合物的含量。     

顶空气质联机测定水中挥发性有机物的方法研究

本文优化了用顶空-气质联机法测定水中挥发性有机物的实验条件,为今后的相关工作做一些准备。     

长江中下游地区铜矿体综合找矿模型

本文在收集研究长江中下游地区主要铜矿床的发现和勘查过程、矿床地质特征、物化探异常特征、勘查方法等大量资料的基础上,对矿体特征进行了归纳,提出了将长江中下游主要铜矿体划分为二型四式的矿体类型划分方案。分别建立了四种类型铜矿体的找矿模型,并建立了铜矿体综合找矿模型。     

Spatial distribution of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers in the littoral buffer zone of a nitrogen-rich lake

The spatial distribution and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOA and AOB) were evaluated targeting amoA genes in the gradient of a littoral buffer zone which has been identified as a hot spot for N cycling. Here we found high spatial heterogeneity in the nitrification rate and abundance of ammonia oxidizers in the five sampling sites. The bacterial amoA gene was numerically dominant in most of the surface soil but decreased dramatically in deep layers. Higher nitrification potentials were detected in two sites near the land/water interface at 4.4-6.1 μg NO₂^--N/(g dry weight soil·hr), while only 1.0-1.7 μg NO₂^--N/(g dry weight soil·hr) was measured at other sites. The potential nitrification rates were proportional to the amoA gene abundance for AOB, but with no significant correlation with AOA. The NH4 + concentration was the most determinative parameter for the abundance of AOB and potential nitrification rates in this study. Higher richness in the surface layer was found in the analysis of biodiversity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the bacterial amoA sequences in surface soil were affiliated with the genus of Nitrosopira while the archaeal sequences were almost equally affiliated with Candidatus ‘Nitrososphaera gargensis’ and Candidatus ‘Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii’. The spatial distribution of AOA and AOB indicated that bacteria may play a more important role in nitrification in the littoral buffer zone of a N-rich lake.