某导弹战斗部装药贮存寿命评定

目的 针对导弹战斗部装药恒定应力加速寿命试验数据,开展装药贮存寿命评定研究。方法 采用装药样品在61、71、81℃等3个温度下的加速老化数据,以样品质量损失率达到临界质量损失率为装药失效依据,评定装药贮存寿命。根据装药加速寿命试验数据特点,优选平方根模型、线性模型、逆威布尔模型、幂函数模型和乘方模型等5种模型对装药质量损失率的数据进行拟合,采用拟合优度和工程实际相结合的方法,确定合理的分布函数,评定战斗部装药贮存寿命。结果 编制计算程序对某导弹战斗部装药加速寿命试验数据进行了处理,根据拟合优度和工程实际,认为乘方模型（0.9方,呈近线性）最佳,评定装药贮存寿命为22 a。结论 通过加速试验数据得出某导弹战斗部装药贮存寿命符合新引入的近线性模型,优于平方根模型和线性模型。     

多视角下东北地区城市碳排放责任核算与分布特征研究

城市作为经济发展和人口聚集的中心,已经成为全球应对气候变化的核心区域,核算碳排放责任并分析其分布特征对于制定城市低碳发展路径至关重要。东北地区作为我国的老工业基地,其“能源结构偏煤,产业结构偏重”的区域发展特征严重制约了东北地区的减排进程,开展碳排放责任研究有助于引导东北地区城市低碳发展。本研究分别从“生产者责任原则”“消费者责任原则”“供应者责任原则”三个视角构建碳排放责任核算模型,计算了东北地区36个城市的碳排放,并分析城市碳排放的差异性分布特征。研究结果显示,不同类型的城市在多种责任原则下的碳排放存在差异,碳排放的分布特征与城市的资源禀赋、产业结构和经济发展水平相关。本研究将为东北地区城市的碳排放责任分配提供理论依据和数据支持,并为其他城市的节能减排提供参考。     

Occurrence,speciation, and risks of trace metals in soils of greenhouse vegetable production from the vicinity of industrial areas in the Yangtze River Delta,China

The effect of industrial activities on trace metals in farmland of rapidly industrializing regions in developing countries has increasingly been a concern to the public. Here, soils were collected from 13 greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) farms or bases near industrial areas in the Yangtze River Delta of China to investigate the occurrence, speciation, and risks of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb in GVP soil. The results revealed that the main metal elements causing GVP soil pollution were Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cu, of which contamination levels were generally unpolluted to moderately polluted. Zinc pollution was mainly attributed to heavy fertilization, while Cd, Ni, and Cu pollution may be greatly ascribed to industrial effluents and coal combustion. Metal speciation studies showed that most of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn was present in residual fraction while more than half of Cd and Pb was present in non-residual fractions. Additionally, pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in GVP soil increased their corresponding mobile fractions. Risk assessment using potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code showed that Cd was the major risk contributor. Specifically, Cd generally posed moderate or considerable ecological risk as well as displayed medium or high mobility risk in GVP soil. Thus, great attention should be paid to the contribution of both industrial discharges and intensive farming to soil pollution by trace metals, especially Cd, because of its high mobility risk.

     

Marine Radar Oil-Spill Monitoring through Local Adaptive Thresholding

Marine oil spills affect the environment, economy, and quality of life for coastal inhabitants. This article presents a method of X-band marine radar oil-spill identification by considering the marine radar images of the 2010 Dalian 7-16 accident. The Prewitt operator was improved and a linear interpolation was proposed to suppress co-channel interferences. In addition, a model of a gray-intensity-correcting matrix is proposed to smooth a whole image, thus displaying the oil film more intuitively. Furthermore, a contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization method was used to increase the contrast inside and outside the oil film. Moreover, the local adaptive thresholding method was improved to segment the oil spills. The results show that the proposed method is an improvement on similar previous approaches for this task when employing X-band marine radar images. The proposed method can provide technical and theoretical bases for emergency response, damage assessment, and liability identification of oil spills.     

Lake dynamics and its relationship to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau over the last four decades

Regional Environmental Change - The high sensitivity of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) to global warming is ascribed not only to its high altitude and low temperature but also to the change in the...     

涪江上游泥石流灾损土地特征及典型流域淤积危险性研究

涪江上游以高山峡谷为主,人地矛盾突出,泥石流灾损土地是山区居民选择的主要生产生活场所。通过野外调查,初步查明目前涪江上游泥石流灾损土地以淤高的发展趋势为主,灾损土地扇形完整性程度达58%,以中等易发为主;大部分灾损土地距离主河距离为100~350 m,距离适中,水热条件良好。基于不同降雨频率条件下泥石流主沟内泥深、流量差异性,建立泥石流灾损土地的淤积危险范围确定方法;快速得到南坝窖子沟20 a一遇、50 a一遇、100 a一遇3种降雨频率条件下泥石流淤积危险范围,分别为0.167 km~2、0.292 km~2、0.420 km~2。为下一步建立基于土地潜力和灾害风险两个指标的灾损土地资源化潜力评估方法,探索泥石流灾损土地资源化利用模式,提供基础条件,并为山区居民进行土地利用提供快速指导。     

隔震对高层筒体结构剪力滞后效应的影响研究

通过ANSYS软件建模计算,研究了水平地震作用下筒体结构剪力滞后现象的特点和规律,分析了基础隔震对筒体结构剪力滞后效应的影响。研究结果表明：水平地震作用下,筒体结构出现了明显的剪力滞后现象,随着楼层高度的增加,滞后效应逐渐减弱,直至出现负剪力滞后;基础隔震可明显改善筒体结构的剪力滞后效应,且使首次出现负剪力滞后效应的位置降低;不同地震波作用时,剪力滞后程度不同。     

基于MODIS数据的堵河流域生态指数变化及与气候因子的相关性分析

堵河流域是南水北调中线工程的重要水源区,流域的生态环境决定着南水北调的经济效益和水质状况.基于MODIS影像(2001～2017年)、数字表面模型(DSM)与气象数据,采用均值统计法、一元线性回归趋势法和相关分析法对堵河流域总初级生产力(GPP)、归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、和蒸散发(ET)等生态指数的时空变化特征及其与气象因子的相关性进行研究,探讨堵河流域生态环境演变规律及其气候响应特征.结果 表明:(1)堵河流域多年月均GPP、NDVI和ET分别为1868.67 gC/(m2·month-1)、0.605和959.975 mm/month,植被覆盖率较高;多年年均GPP、NDVI和ET呈现相似的空间分布规律,堵河南岸值均高于北岸,竹溪河流域值均最低,最高值均位于神农架林区在内的高海拔区域.(2)年均GPP、NDVI和ET值总体呈波动上升的趋势,表明堵河流域的生态环境在向好的趋势发展;年内呈周期性单峰变化趋势,7月达到最大值;具有较强的季节性,夏季GPP、NDVI和ET值最大,冬季最小.(3)流域月均NDVI、ET和GPP之间均具有较强的正相关性,其中月均NDVI与月均GPP\ET的相关系数R2均为0.65,月均ET与月均GPP的R2为0.70.(4)流域月均GPP与月均降水的相关性强于月均气温,而NDVI、ET与气温的相关性均大于降水;GPP、NDVI和ET的变化与气温、降水呈现同期变化规律,NDVI、ET和GPP的变化对气候因子的响应不到一个月的滞后性.     

Effects of juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius) removal on submerged macrophyte growth—implications for subtropical shallow lake restoration

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Rapid expansion of juvenile fish after biomanipulation can delay the successful restoration of submerged macrophytes, leading to a turbid water status...     

Estimating national-scale ground-level PM25 concentration in China using geographically weighted regression based on MODIS and MISR AOD

Taking advantage of the continuous spatial coverage, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products have been widely used to assess the spatial and temporal characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the ground and their effects on human health. However, the national-scale ground-level PM2.5 estimation is still very limited because the lack of ground PM2.5 measurements to calibrate the model in China. In this study, a national-scale geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was developed to estimate ground-level PM2.5 concentration based on satellite AODs, newly released national-wide hourly PM2.5 concentrations, and meteorological parameters. The results showed good agreements between satellite-retrieved and ground-observed PM2.5 concentration at 943 stations in China. The overall cross-validation (CV) R ² is 0.76 and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) is 22.26 μg/m³ for MODIS-derived AOD. The MISR-derived AOD also exhibits comparable performance with a CV R ² and RMSE are 0.81 and 27.46 μg/m³, respectively. Annual PM2.5 concentrations retrieved either by MODIS or MISR AOD indicated that most of the residential community areas exceeded the new annual Chinese PM2.5 National Standard level 2. These results suggest that this approach is useful for estimating large-scale ground-level PM2.5 distributions especially for the regions without PMs monitoring sites.