双酚AF暴露降低斑马鱼学习记忆能力并影响神经系统相关基因表达

双酚AF(4,4'-六氟-2-二酚,BPAF)应用渐为广泛,对生态环境具有潜在威胁。为探究BPAF对水生生物的神经毒性,选择斑马鱼作为实验对象,利用T型迷宫和实时定量PCR的研究方法,考察0、0.005、0.05和0.5 mg·L~(-1)3种不同浓度BPAF暴露下,成年斑马鱼的学习记忆能力,并检测鱼脑中胶质纤维酸性蛋白基因(glial fibrillary acidic protein,gfap)、音猬基因(sonic hedgehog,shha)和突触蛋白基因(synapsinⅡa,syn2a)表达量变化。结果表明:在T迷宫行为学检测中,0.5 mg·L~(-1)BPAF暴露浓度下,斑马鱼在第1天进入T型迷宫规定臂的潜伏时间与对照组相比显著增加(P0.01),随着暴露浓度和染毒时间的增加,潜伏时间显著延长,具有明显的剂效和时效关系。暴露6 d后,BPAF各暴露浓度组中雌鱼脑部gfap基因显著上调,雄鱼脑中gfap基因在高浓度暴露组(0.5 mg·L~(-1))下表达量下调,而在0.005 mg·L~(-1)BPAF暴露组差异不明显。BPAF暴露可导致雌鱼脑部shha基因下调,使雄鱼脑中shha基因表达量随暴露浓度增大呈先上升后下降的趋势。BPAF各暴露浓度组中雌鱼和雄鱼脑部syn2a基因下调,呈现出随暴露浓度增大而下降的趋势。综上,初步认为BPAF对斑马鱼具有潜在的神经认知干扰效应。     

Diffusion of municipal wastewater treatment technologies in China: a collaboration network perspective

The diffusion of municipal wastewater treatment technology is vital for urban environment in developing countries. China has built more than 3000 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the past three decades, which is a good chance to understand how technologies diffused in reality.We used a data-driven approach to explore the relationship between the diffusion of wastewater treatment technologies and collaborations between organizations. A database of 3136 municipal wastewater treatment plants and 4634 collaborating organizations was built and transformed into networks for analysis. We have found that: 1) the diffusion networks are assortative, and the patterns of diffusion vary across technologies; while the collaboration networks are fragmented, and have an assortativity around zero since the 2000s. 2) Important projects in technology diffusion usually involve central organizations in collaboration networks, but organizations become more central in collaboration by doing circumstantial projects in diffusion. 3) The importance of projects in diffusion can be predicted with a Random Forest model at a good accuracy and precision level. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of the technology diffusion processes, which could be used for waterrelevant policy-making and business decisions.

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Air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children in Ningbo,China: A time-series analysis

Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are main causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Air pollution has been recognized as an important contributor to development and exacerbation of respiratory infections. However, few studies are available in China. In this study, we investigated the short-term effect of air pollution on hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children under 15 years in Ningbo, China. Poisson generalized models were used to estimate the associations between air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections adjusted for temporal, seasonal, and meteorological effects. We found that four pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂) were significantly associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections. The effect estimates for acute upper respiratory infections tended to be higher (PM_2.5 ER = 3.46, 95% CI 2.18, 4.76; PM₁₀ ER = 2.81, 95% CI 1.93, 3.69; NO₂ ER = 11.27, 95% CI 8.70, 13.89; SO₂ ER = 15.17, 95% CI 11.29, 19.19). Significant associations for gaseous pollutants (NO₂ and SO₂) were observed after adjustment for particular matter. Stronger associations were observed among older children and in the cold period. Our study suggested that short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections in Ningbo.     

Energy and exergy optimization of food waste pretreatment and incineration

With the aim of upgrading current food waste (FW) management strategy, a novel FW hydrothermal pretreatment and air-drying incineration system is proposed and optimized from an energy and exergy perspective. Parameters considered include the extracted steam quality, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW, and the reactor thermal efficiency. Results show that optimal working condition can be obtained when the temperature and pressure of extracted steam are 159 °C and 0.17 MPa, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW is 10%, and the reactor thermal efficiency is 90%. Under such circumstance, the optimal steam energy and exergy increments reach 194.92 and 324.50 kJ/kg-FW, respectively. The novel system is then applied under the local conditions of Hangzhou, China. Results show that approximately 2.7 or 11.6% (from energy or exergy analysis perspective) of electricity can be additionally generated from 1 ton of MSW if the proposed novel FW system is implemented. Besides, comparisons between energy and exergy analysis are also discussed.

     

Triple-objective optimal sizing based on dynamic strategy for an islanded hybrid energy microgrid

A triple-objective optimal sizing method based on a dynamic strategy is presented for an islanded hybrid energy microgrid, consisting of wind turbine, solar photovoltaic, battery energy storage system and diesel generator. The dynamic strategy is given based on a dynamic complementary coordination between two different master-slave control modes for maximum renewable energy utilization. Combined with the proposed strategy, NSGA-II-based optimization program is applied to the sizing optimization problem with triple different objectives including the minimization of annualized system cost, the minimization of loss of power supply probability and the maximization of utilization ratio of renewable energy generation. The sizing results and the proposed strategy are both compared and analyzed to validate the proposed method in a real case of an islanded hybrid energy microgrid on Dong’ao Island, China.     

脱硫石膏综合利用的现状与展望

介绍了国内外脱硫石膏在农业、水泥行业、建材行业和其他方面的综合利用情况,以及脱硫石膏分解技术的研究现状,探讨了分解温度、反应气氛和催化成分等因素对脱硫石膏分解效果的影响,展望了脱硫石膏的应用前景。指出:寻找脱硫石膏综合利用的新途径、找出适合脱硫石膏还原分解的气氛及其分解规律、探索有利于脱硫石膏还原分解的条件,是我国脱硫石膏实现循环利用的必经之路。     

两株氢噬胞菌的萘降解特性分析

对两株分离自内蒙古乌梁素海的氢噬胞菌X32和X12的培养条件和萘降解特性进行研究。实验结果表明:菌株X32和X12的最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为30~35℃,最适盐度w(NaCl)为1%;当初始萘质量浓度为3 500 mg/L时,对数生长期的菌株X32对萘的降解活性可达53.9 nmol/(mg·min),而菌株X12可达34.8 nmol/(mg·min);菌株X32在培养48 h后进入稳定期,60 h时萘降解率达91.43%;菌株X12在培养60 h后进入稳定期,90 h时萘降解率达93.93%。氢噬胞菌X32和X12是两株具有较高应用价值的多环芳烃降解细菌。     

4种农药对3种拟菊酯杀虫剂在不同光源下的光解效应

以太阳光、氙灯、高压汞灯为光源,研究了哒嗪硫磷、多菌灵、克百威、丁草胺4种农药对氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯3种拟菊酯杀虫剂的光解速度及光解效应的影响。结果表明：哒嗪硫磷、多菌灵对氯氰菊酯等3种拟菊酯杀虫剂在3种不同光源的光照处理下均表现出光敏降解效应;然而在太阳光及高压汞灯光源的光照处理下,克百威和丁草胺对３种拟菊酯杀虫剂具有光猝灭降解作用。太阳光照射下氯氰菊酯等3种拟菊酯杀虫剂的光解率与其单位面积上的药剂剂量成反比;而哒嗪硫磷等4种农药对3种拟菊酯杀虫剂的光敏或光猝灭效率与此4种农药的剂量成正相关     

大气气溶胶与降水相互影响的探讨

本文从大气气溶胶的物理和化学特性及其缓冲能力探讨了气溶胶和降水的相互影响,初步弄清了气溶胶与降水的相互关系。通过气溶胶缓冲能力的分析,认识到降水冲刷气溶胶时,气溶胶在酸性降水中所起的作用,从一个侧面初步确认了气溶胶在酸雨形成过程中的作用。      

二维多箱模型预测大气环境方法的研究

采用二维多箱模型对石家庄市区大气污染物ＳＯ２进行了计算,分别计算了４个风向的各子箱污染物浓度,然后按其风向频率加权取和得到平均浓度。把计算结果与地面监测值和１９９４－０１中国环境科学研究院的高空航测值进行了比较分析后发现。多箱模型预测大气环境比单箱模型和其它预测方法产生的误差要小。