Overview of surface ozone variability in East Asia-North Pacific region during IGAC/APARE(1994—1996)

IntroductionDuringthelastdecade ,theEastAsiancontinentalrimregionhasbeencharacterizedbyhighanthropogenicemissionsduetotherapidindustrialization .Airpollutioninthisregionhascreatedmuchattentiontothescientistsovertheworld(Kato,1992 ;Akimoto ,1994a ;Aardenne…     

西北干旱区水资源开发的水文效应及其利用模式的变化

我国西北干旱区主要分布在新疆、青海和甘肃及内蒙西部。这里气候干旱,水资源对干旱区的经济发展有着决定性意义,在干旱区“没有灌溉就没有农业”。水资源不仅影响到农牧业发展,同时也影响到工矿资源开发和城市的发展。水资源既是宝贵的自然资源,也是干旱区自然环境综合体中最活跃的因素之一。水资源开发利用已引起一系列水文效应和生态环境的变化,尤其是干旱区水资源开发中水循环各要素变化是很强烈的,因此研究干旱区的水资源开发的水文效应不仅具有理论意义,也有重要的实践意义。     

基于DO曲线特征的污水毒性检测技术研究

基于对生化反应体系溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)曲线特征的分析,研究了一种污水毒性检测技术,实验结果表明:在确定的操作流程和参数条件下,对于同种污水的周期性反应,体系DO周期性变化特征值波动小于10%,呈现高规律性和稳定性;最终建立了一种基于体系DO曲线特征的污泥活性相对抑制率公式,通过量化分析污水毒性对污泥活性的抑制程度,提供一种污水毒性快速检测技术手段。     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies

Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.     

聚合铁的形态特征和凝聚-絮凝机理

以部分中和法从0.3MFeCl_3溶液制作不同OH/Fe值的聚合铁,进行各种物理化学特征鉴定,推断其水解-聚合产物形态,并进行混凝效能实验.OH/Fe在0—0.4阶段,含有低聚物.对本实验体系有甚高混凝效能.OH/Fe>0.4后.生成高聚物而电荷降低,混凝效能略有下降.OH/Fe>1.5后.生成物趋向于溶胶和沉淀物,混凝效能明显降低.讨论了聚合铁在不同OH/Fe值的凝聚-絮凝作用机理.     

Adsorption of atrazine by natural organic matter and surfactant dispersed carbon nanotubes

The aggregation and dispersion behaviors of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can regulate the environmental spread and fate of CNTs, as well as the organic pollutants adsorbed onto them. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were surface modified with humic acids from di erent sources and with surfactants of di erent ionic types. The dispersion stability of surface modified CNTs was observed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The e ect of humic acid and surfactant dispersion on the adsorption of atrazine by CNTs was investigated by batch equilibrium experiments. Both humic acid and surfactant could e ectively disperse MWNTs, but not SWNTs, into stable suspensions under the studied conditions. Surface modified CNTs had a greatly reduced capacity for adsorption of atrazine. The inhibitory e ect of peat humic acid was relatively stronger than that of soil humic acid, but the two surfactants had a similar inhibitory e ect on atrazine adsorption by the two CNT types. Increases in surfactant concentration resulted in rapid decreases in the adsorption of atrazine by CNTs when the surfactant concentration was less than 0.5 critical micelle concentration.     

广东山地土壤粘粒矿物

本文研究了广东山地土壤的粘粒矿物组成、粘粒阳离子交换量和游离氧化铁等化学性质。结果表明,随着海拔的逐渐升高,高岭石含量渐减,2:1型矿物渐增;而三水铝石和1.4nm矿物含量以山体中部为最高。粘粒阳离子交换量的高低与2:1型粘土矿物含量的多少相吻合。粘粒的游离氧化铁含量,每个山体均是山地黄壤高于山地红壤和山地赤红壤。     

有机化合物生物富集因子的计算机预测研究

有机化合物在生物体内的富集,通常用生物富集因子(bioconcentration factor,简称BCF)来表达,这是化合物生态环境毒性评估的重要指标。为合理预测有机化合物是否易于生物富集,首先从美国环保局网站收集了624个具有不同BCF值的化合物,然后采用7种分子指纹结合5种机器学习方法(包括支持向量机、C4.5决策树、k最近邻法、随机森林法和朴素贝叶斯法),构建了化合物BCF的分类预测模型,所有模型均采用独立外部验证集进行验证。其中,使用Chemo Typer分子指纹结合支持向量机方法得到的二分类模型,整体预测准确度最好,达到了85.4%。通过采用信息增益、频率分析等方法,进一步确定了化合物中易于引起生物富集的关键子结构,包括芳基氯、二芳基醚、氯代烷烃等。研究中所用到的方法为有毒化学品的生态风险评价提供了良好可靠的预测工具。