Comprehensive evaluation of municipal garbage disposal in Changchun City by the strategic environmental assessment

Purpose

The environmental issues caused by the municipal solid waste disposal are becoming a worldwide concern.

Methods

We studied the situations both domestically and abroad by the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) approach and also conducted comprehensive evaluations of garbage disposal in Changchun City.

Results

On the basis of this study, we found that SEA is of great importance in the municipal solid waste disposal. Moreover, with the rapid socioeconomic development of Changchun City, municipal solid waste production increases on an annual basis, and thus, good waste management planning is of great significance.

Conclusions

Considering the situation of the economic development of Changchun City, garbage disposal was handled mainly in the major sanitary landfills with appropriate use of incineration technology. This plan is environmentally friendly at a relatively high degree and has met the requirements of minimum investment. It also takes into account the requirements of the development of incineration technology. Regarding environmental pollution in terms of groundwater pollution and atmospheric pollution, this plan is a feasible one by meeting various requirements with low environmental impact among the three plans discussed in this study.     

沿面放电氧化液相亚硫酸铵

为了解决湿式氨法烟气脱硫生成不稳定亚硫酸铵（（NH4）2SO3）副产物的问题,设计了以不锈钢弹簧和溶液分别作为高压和低压电极的沿面放电系统,对液相（NH4）2SO3的氧化进行了研究。空气从反应器上方进入后经放电区域形成活性物质,再由底部的曝气头鼓入溶液并与（NH4）2SO3发生反应。比较了沿面放电处理与传统曝气处理的氧化效率,考察了放电电压、载气气量和初始浓度等因素对（NH4）2SO3氧化的影响。结果表明,沿面放电对（NH4）2SO3有显著的氧化效果;优化条件下的（NH4）2SO3氧化率接近100%;溶液中（NH4）2SO4与（NH4）2SO3的浓度比小于1时有利于（NH4）2SO3的氧化。     

多孔性Mn3O4的制备及其对水中镉的吸附

采用硫酸锰水解-氧化两步法制备了多孔性四氧化三锰,以X射线衍射、扫描电镜和氮吸附比表面仪对其进行了表征,研究了该多孔性Mn3O4在不同的溶液pH值、吸附时间、投加量和温度下对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附行为,并测定了吸附过程的动力学和热力学参数。实验结果表明,该法合成的四氧化三锰属四方体心结构,一次晶粒尺寸为45.8 nm,颗粒间存在大量的孔洞,BET法比表面积为40.27 m2/g。在293 K,pH 5.5,吸附12 h时达到平衡,饱和吸附量为12.8 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,其反应的吸附活化能为2.743 kJ/mol,吸附等温线较好地符合Langmuir等温方程,吸附焓变和熵变均为正值,自由能变为负值,说明该吸附过程为自发的吸热过程。     

粉煤灰负载铁离子催化氧化活性黄染料废水

以粉煤灰为载体,制备铁/粉煤灰负载型催化剂,并利用该催化剂催化H2O2氧化降解活性黄染料废水,探讨了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、染料初始浓度和初始pH值等因素对染料废水COD去除率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,当染料废水COD初始浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH值为1.7,投加0.5 g/100 mL催化剂及加入1.0 mL浓度为1.13 mol/L的H2O2溶液时,处理效果最好,此时染料废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到63%和99%,并且废水的可生化性得到很大的提高。利用该负载催化剂能够有效地减少活性黄染料废水中Fe3+的残留量。     

城市灾害易损性及其评价指标

城市化的加速使城市成为国民经济和社会发展的重要区域,同时灾害给城市发展造成了巨大的损失。通过分析易损性的维度和时空性,并在总结多因子复合函数方法、模糊综合评价方法、数据包络分析方法等易损性研究方法的基础上,结合复杂的城市系统的内部特征,从人口易损性、经济易损性、社会易损性和生态环境易损性4个方面建立适合城市灾害易损性评价的框架;探讨了包括人口迁入率和经济密度等11个城市灾害易损性指标体系。最后指出城市灾害易损性研究对城市可持续发展有重要意义。     

泥石流入汇的危险性判别指标

通过对比单沟和区域泥石流危险性的评估方法 ,提出了利用影响度、危险度和危害度 3项指标判别汇流区泥石流入汇危险性的设想 ,分析了泥石流入汇可能引起堵江的影响因子。作为尝试 ,给出了判别指标的计算公式 ,经实例验证具有较好的实用性 ,可作为规划设计的技术依据。     

Cracking the Achilles’ heel of energy performance contracting projects: the credit risk identification method for clients

ABSTRACT

A credit risk identification model is established to examine the credit status of Energy performance contracting (EPC) project clients (i.e., energy-using companies) in China based on rough set theory. The model is verified with data from 120 listed companies at different times. Study shows that lack of credit is one of the main obstacles to the implementation of EPC projects, and information asymmetry is the main reason for this lack of credit among potential clients in China. The credit risk identification method based on rough set theory can make up for the shortcomings of existing EPC projects in terms of credit risk identification, including redundant information and indicators, and unclear decision rules. Credit risk identification indicators of clients are dynamic. The research results can help energy service companies (ESCOs) determine the credit status of clients, facilitate cooperation between ESCOs and clients, and help explain the various dynamics of clients’ credit risk identification indicators over time.     

改进的灰色关联分析在滑坡危险性评价中的应用——以广东省滑坡危险性评价为例

利用改进的灰色关联分析方法,采用“中心化”无量纲的处理方法,对广东滑坡灾害危险性的影响因素进行灰色关联度分析。通过地形地貌条件、地层岩性特征、地质构造特征、岩土体结构特性、水文地质条件、植被覆盖率、降雨分布、地震、人类经济工程活动等9个评价因素与滑坡危险性的关联度计算,得出各影响因素与滑坡危险性评价的关系,具有一定的客观性、科学性和合理性。     

Catastrophe theory to assess water security and adaptation strategy in the context of environmental change

Economic development, population growth, urbanization and climate change have led to an increasing water shortage across the globe. Ensuring water security under changing environment will be the greatest challenge for water resources managers in near future. In this paper, catastrophe theory based multi-criteria evaluation model has been proposed to assess water security under different management strategies to recommend the best water management strategy to achieve water security in the context of global environmental change. The assessment model involves future scenarios of climate change, population growth and economic development. Total 16 indicators related to climate, socio-economy and water availability and consumption have been proposed to measure water security under three management strategies viz. business-as-usual, water demand management and water supply management. The model has been applied to Yulin city of North West China to assess water security as well as to identify the water management strategy under changing environment. The results show that under business-as-usual situation the water shortage rate will reach up to 44 % by the year 2020 and up to 70 % by the year 2030 in Yulin. Water supply is required to increase by 41 % to meet the water demand under supply management strategy which is beyond the safe baseline rate. The study reveals that water demand management can reduce the gap between water supply and demand to a reasonable amount and therefore, can be considered as the most effective approach for adapting with environment change.     

随机介质理论下隧道围岩渐进破坏过程数值实验研究

将强度折减法引入到隧道围岩安全评价中,结合"浅埋暗挖快速施工双线小间距隧道、盾构下穿立交结构隧道和结构面含有节理、不规则裂隙的山体公路隧道"等工程实例,借助材料真实破坏分析软件RFPA-2D,建立每个强度折减系数下的有限元模型。模型采用了黏弹性人工边界来消除边界条件对计算精度的影响,并借助随机介质理论实现了围岩细观结构单元的非均值性和随机分布的缺陷,揭示了不同工况下隧道围岩的动态渐进破坏过程、基元相变损伤演变机理和岩体结构面破坏特征,认为隧道围岩的宏观破坏是由岩体非线性材料细观单元的非均值性造成的,计算结果借助不同折减步中裂纹发展趋势和单元破坏的数量判断隧道围岩是否失稳破坏,并计算出具有安全储备意义上的安全系数。同时,结合ABAQUS和RFPA-2D两种不同有限元模型,对比分析了随机介质理论和连续介质理论结合强度折减法在隧道围岩稳定性评价中的差异。