Variation of peroxidase isoenzyme and biofilm of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in continuous membrane bioreactor for Reactive Brilliant Red X3-B treatment

The influence of a Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B (RBR X-3B) dye on the peroxidase isoenzyme of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was determined, and the biofilm structure in a white rot fungal continuous membrane bioreactor (MBR) was also investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The variation of peroxidase isoenzyme and the decolorization rate in the continuous MBR were evaluated. The results showed that the 100 mg/L RBR X-3B could stimulate the production of the peroxidase isoenzyme in the shaking-flask culture. In addition, two new peroxidase isoenzyme bands with relative mobility (Rf) value of 0.27 and 0.28 appeared, but the activity was lower than the blank control of 11 d. In the continuous MBR, the system worked stably during the first 60 d, the main peroxidase isoenzyme bands existed and three new bands with Rf value of 0.10, 0.27, and 0.28 appeared. Meanwhile, the biofilm grew well and the average decolorization rate could reach 90.6%. But the bands of peroxidase isoenzyme decreased rapidly at day 65, only two bands with Rf value 0.24 and 0.26 existed, and the decolorization rate decreased to 78.3%. Therefore, 5 bottles of P. chrysosporium mycelial pellet were added into the MBR, and then the activity of the peroxidase isoenzyme and the decolorization rate had a slight recovery. Finally, the decolorization rate finally decreased to 75.2%. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the variation of peroxidase isoenzyme and biofilm in continuous MBR by white rot fungi.     

敌草隆在市售草木灰及生物质电厂灰上的吸附特性研究

对1种市售草木灰及3种生物质电厂灰的表面性质及化学组成进行表征,研究了它们对农药敌草隆的吸附等温线及吸附动力学特征.结果表明,无论市售生物质灰还是生物质燃料燃烧后的废灰,对敌草隆的吸附均为复杂的多反应过程,这与它们复杂的空洞结构和化学组成有关.BET表面积标化吸附量显示,微孔和中孔较多的电厂灰1和电厂灰3,单位表面积的体积饱和吸附量较高,表明表面积及孔径分布是影响吸附不可忽视的重要因素.有机碳含量标化吸附系数显示,饱和烷烃及芳香烃类非极性化合物含量较高的电厂灰的标化吸附系数均大于羧基等极性化合物含量较高的市售生物质灰,表明有机质含量及有机质的化学组成,尤其是非极性有机物的含量是影响疏水性有机化学品吸附容量的重要因素.以上结论暗示着生物质电厂灰在污染底质原位治理方面具有很大的应用潜力.     

离心气浮技术及在含油污水处理中的应用

针对含油污水处理将朝着低污染、低成本、易操作、结构紧凑、高效处理方向发展的要求,围绕离心气浮处理技术进行综述。将迄今各种含油污水离心气浮处理技术分为:基于充气水力旋流器的气浮旋流组合、气浮与常规水力旋流器单体组合、气浮与低强度旋流离心力场组合三大类,并对其特点进行了详细分析。国外采油污水处理的最新进展表明,紧凑型旋流气浮组合技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

红旗岭镍矿区水环境质量评价

红旗岭镍矿是我国第二大镍矿。根据红旗镍矿区开采情况,采集了矿区的地表水和地下水进行了分析测试。依据《地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002》与《地下水环境质量标准GB/T 14848-93》对矿区水资源质量进行综合评价,得出矿区地表水受矿山采矿、选矿等活动影响严重,浅层地下水相对受到影响较弱,但仍有几种元素超标。     

水环境模拟参数随机场空间最优估计精度分析与特异值研究

本文结合克里格方差的特点,对水环境模拟参数随机场空间最优估计的精度进行了分析,结果显示估计精度受变差函数、采样点的空间配置结构等因素的影响,并结合实例探讨了影响水环境模拟参数克里格估计精度的特异值的识别与处理方法。     

Adsorption of pharmaceuticals to microporous activated carbon treated with potassium hydroxide, carbon dioxide, and steam

Adsorption of sulfapyridine, tetracycline, and tylosin to a commercial microporous activated carbon (AC) and its potassium hydroxide (KOH)-, CO-, and steam-treated counterparts (prepared by heating at 850°C) was studied to explore efficient adsorbents for the removal of selected pharmaceuticals from water. Phenol and nitrobenzene were included as additional adsorbates, and nonporous graphite was included as a model adsorbent. The activation treatments markedly increased the specific surface area and enlarged the pore sizes of the mesopores of AC (with the strongest effects shown on the KOH-treated AC). Adsorption of large-size tetracycline and tylosin was greatly enhanced, especially for the KOH-treated AC (more than one order of magnitude), probably due to the alleviated size-exclusion effect. However, the treatments had little effect on adsorption of low-size phenol and nitrobenzene due to the predominance of micropore-filling effect in adsorption and the nearly unaffected content of small micropores causative to such effect. These hypothesized mechanisms on pore-size dependent adsorption were further tested by comparing surface area-normalized adsorption data and adsorbent pore size distributions with and without the presence of adsorbed antibiotics. The findings indicate that efficient adsorption of bulky pharmaceuticals to AC can be achieved by enlarging the adsorbent pore size through suitable activation treatments.     

Optimizing water quality monitoring networks using continuous longitudinal monitoring data: a case study of Wen-Rui Tang River, Wenzhou, China

Identification of representative sampling sites is a critical issue in establishing an effective water quality monitoring program. This is especially important at the urban-agriculture interface where water quality conditions can change rapidly over short distances. The objective of this research was to optimize the spatial allocation of discrete monitoring sites for synoptic water quality monitoring through analysis of continuous longitudinal monitoring data collected by attaching a water quality sonde and GPS to a boat. Sampling was conducted six times from March to October 2009 along a 6.5 km segment of the Wen-Rui Tang River in eastern China that represented an urban-agricultural interface. When travelling at a velocity of ～2.4 km h(-1), this resulted in water quality measurements at ～20 m interval. Ammonia nitrogen (NH(4)(+)-N), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity data were collected and analyzed using Cluster Analysis (CA) to identify optimal locations for establishment of long-term monitoring sites. The analysis identified two distinct water quality segments for NH(4)(+)-N and EC and three distinct segments for DO and turbidity. According to our research results, the current fixed-location sampling sites should be adjusted to more effectively capture the distinct differences in the spatial distribution of water quality conditions. In addition, this methodology identified river reaches that require more comprehensive study of the factors leading to the changes in water quality within the identified river segment. The study demonstrates that continuous longitudinal monitoring can be a highly effective method for optimizing monitoring site locations for water quality studies.     

广州饮用水水源地多环芳烃分布、来源及人体健康风险评价

饮用水源水体中残留微量多环芳烃(PAHs)对人体健康存在危害.以广州饮用水水源地为研究对象,采集广州部分水厂水源水体及底泥样品,考察了样品中16种PAHs含量及分布,采用美国环保署(USEPA)的RAGS风险评估模型,对水体中PAHs人体健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,广州饮用水水源地水体中PAHs的质量浓度未超过相应的水质标准限值,水体悬浮颗粒物和底泥中ΣPAHs含量处于低至中等水平.水源地水体PAHs暴露的单项非致癌风险指数和总非致癌风险指数均小于1,非致癌风险可以忽略.水源地水体PAHs单项致癌风险和总致癌风险在5. 53×10~(-7)～5. 34×10~(-6),可能存在致癌风险但低于最大可接受风险水平.水源地PAHs为混合型污染源输入,包括石油泄漏、石油燃烧和木材、煤以及生物质的不完全燃烧.水体中PAHs与底泥中PAHs含量密切相关,PAHs在两相间的分布存在平衡分配.     

济宁南四湖水质富营养化评价及防治对策研究

以2012年南四湖水质监测数据为依据,采用修正的卡森指数法（TSIM）对南四湖水质进行评价。结果表明,修正卡森指数的评价结果为TSIM=56．04,南四湖已达到富营养化的标准。根据评价结果,从工业废水、生活污水排放、底质、农业生产、渔业养殖的影响方面分析了水体富营养化的原因,从减少外源污染物、应用生物措施和发展健康水产养殖模式三个方面提出了南四湖水体富营养化的防治对策。