Seasonal variation of levoglucosan in aerosols over the western North Pacific and its assessment as a biomass-burning tracer

Levoglucosan is considered as a useful molecular tracer of biomass-burning aerosols in the atmosphere. To characterize the seasonal variation of its concentrations over the Pacific Ocean and to assess its usefulness as a tracer after long-range transport, we investigated long-term variations of levoglucosan over Chichi-jima in the western North Pacific, from 2001 to 2004. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and d-glucose were analyzed for comparison. The seasonal variation of levoglucosan concentrations showed a maximum in the winter, which is consistent with the enhanced Asian outflow to the Pacific indicated by backward air-mass trajectories. The concentration levels of levoglucosan estimated from global aerosol model outputs in the winter are, on average, comparable to the observed levels, suggesting that a considerable fraction of levoglucosan did not decompose during long-range transport from the Asian continent by westerly/northwesterly winds. This result is supported by comparable ratios of levoglucosan to EC in Chichi-jima and the East Asian coastal region. Conversely, the measured concentrations of levoglucosan in the summer were significantly lower than the modeled one. This implies a degradation of levoglucosan in the air masses that stagnated over the Pacific, although uncertainties in the model estimate may also be partly responsible for this discrepancy. One possible degradation pathway is oxidation by OH radicals; the contribution of acid-catalyzed reactions needs further investigation.     

赤子爱胜蚓处理污泥对其性质变化的影响

用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)直接处理脱水污泥,以不加蚯蚓为对照,研究了蚯蚓生物量、污泥理化性质(pH、电导、灰分、总有机碳)、营养物质(氮、磷、钾)以及重金属(铜、锌、铅、铬)的变化。结果表明:蚯蚓能很好地适应直接投加污泥的生存环境,蚯蚓平均增重0.7 g/d,产卵4.81个/d。随着时间的增加,接种蚯蚓的污泥理化性质和营养物质以及重金属含量均有显著的变化。蚯蚓处理后,污泥的pH由7.83显著降低至7.03;电导由0.46 S/m显著增至2.23 S/m;灰分从43.89%显著增至57.53%;TOC由32.32%显著降低至23.59%;污泥中的营养物质N、P、K含量显著增加,N、P、K分别提高了37.48%、19.96%和20.14%;同时蚯蚓活动显著降低了污泥中的重金属含量,降低次序为CuZnCrPb。蚯蚓处理后污泥小团粒性状明显,无臭味,不生蛆。     

区域洪灾风险评价体系研究

针对国内外区域洪灾风险评价缺少系统规范体系现状,基于洪灾生命损失评价、经济损失评价,构建起以洪灾损失为核心的动态实用性的区域洪灾风险评价体系,实现由控制洪水向洪水管理转变.给出耦合致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体的区域洪灾风险定义,探讨了基于洪水分析、易损性分析、损失分析的区域洪灾风险评价流程图.针对区域洪灾风险评价不确定性,从被动破坏损失、主动防御减灾角度提出系统量化的区域洪灾损失经济评价指标,结合研究体系应用实际,给出区域洪灾风险评价体系的进一步完善策略.     

江西境内萍水河水质状况评价及变化趋势分析

通过对萍水河监测断面水质监测数据的分析,利用内梅罗污染指数法及秩相关系数法进行水质评价,分析了"十二五"期间萍水河水质情况及其变化趋势,阐述了萍水河的水质空间分布规律。结果表明:萍水河断面水质以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类为主,水质总体较好,但呈下降趋势;其上游水质较好,中游较差,下游略有好转,麻山河等萍水河支流水质较好。     

水库型饮用水水源地一级保护区隔离防护工程研究

依托于地理信息系统空间数据管理和空间信息分析的功能,利用高分辨率遥感影像研究隔离方案划定的技术流程。该技术流程主要包括收集水源地基础资料、解译高分辨率遥感影像、提取土地覆盖分类信息、建立空间数据库、划定物理隔离和生物隔离的区段。该种技术流程也适用于地形复杂、一级保护区面积较大的地下型水源地。     

地震勘探引起植被棋盘式分布分析

通过高分辨率卫星遥感数据和实地调研,发现黄河三角洲的很多区域因胜利油田地震勘探而引起植被棋盘式分布。地震勘探引起植被群落斑块扩展,就其生态作用来说,与当前黄河三角洲生态恢复、保护和重建植被这一目标相吻合。此种植被群落的扩展,无须额外经费投入,对此进行深入研究,寻找使其从自发状态转变为通过人工协调可在适宜区域最大限度扩展的对策,将有助于更好地协调油田开发和湿地生态保护之间的矛盾。     

Occurrence, compositional patterns, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The present study analyzed surface soil collected from agricultural region of Shanghai to determine the occurrence, compositional patterns and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The results showed that 32 PBDEs were detected among 44 target PBDEs. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 129 to 1245 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean of 429 ng kg⁻¹. BDE209 was the predominant congener in a range of 33.2-796 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean of 254 ng kg⁻¹. Meanwhile, BDE47, BDE49, BDE153, BDE190, and BDE99 have the most abundant with high concentrations and detectable frequencies. PBDE congeners and homologues analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed that the major source of PBDE in the soil samples was associated with the prevalent use of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE). The correlation analysis proved that there was a significant correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and lower brominated PBDEs, indicating the significant diffuse nature of the sources of these congeners.     

Effects of alfalfa and organic fertilizer on benzo[a]pyrene dissipation in an aged contaminated soil

BACKGROUND: A climate-controlled pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of planting alfalfa and applying organic fertilizer on the dissipation of benzo[a]pyrene from an aged contaminated agricultural soil. RESULTS: Short-term planting of alfalfa inhibited the dissipation of benzo[a]pyrene from the soil by 8.9%, and organic fertilizer enhanced benzo[a]pyrene removal from the soil by 11.6% compared with the unplanted and unfertilized treatments, respectively. No significant interaction was observed between alfalfa and organic fertilizer on benzo[a]pyrene dissipation. Sterilization completely inhibited the removal of benzo[a]pyrene from the soil indicating that its degradation by indigenous microorganisms may have been the main mechanism of dissipation. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were observed between benzo[a]pyrene removal and the contents of soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total mineral nitrogen at the end of the experiment, suggesting that competition between plants and microorganisms for nitrogen may have inhibited benzo[a]pyrene dissipation in the rhizosphere of alfalfa and the addition of organic fertilizer may facilitate microbial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene in the soil.