庆阳城市污水的高负荷生物吸附再生法处理生产性试验

采用高负荷生物吸附再生工艺处理城市污水,通过在庆阳市的生产性试验研究,结果表明,该工艺能有效去除水中较多的污染物;对实现西北干旱缺水地区污水资源化利用是切实可行的方法。     

海洋塑料垃圾的环境行为与生态效应研究进展

海洋塑料污染是一个全球性问题.塑料垃圾作为海洋塑料污染物之一,对其研究和认识还不全面.本文在总结国内外相关研究基础上,综述了海洋塑料垃圾的来源与分布、降解、添加剂浸出、附着海洋生物和吸附污染物等环境行为,以及其生物效应(缠绕海洋动物和被海洋动物摄食).根据海洋塑料垃圾的研究现状,未来应加强测定方法、塑料浸出物的毒性效应...     

论特种设备事故(突发事件)的应急响应与科学处置

为满足基于大数据的特种设备事故推演和预防技术及平台的研发与应用,本文研究了特种设备事故(突发事件)应急处置现状和存在的问题,归纳总结出特种设备安全共性风险,设计和完善了事故响应、控制、预防等应急处置方案与应急救援体系,并进行了实例验证.同时,本文还对在应急处置平台系统上的部署和应用提出了期望.     

Reduction of urban traffic–related particulate matter—leaf trait matters

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Particulate matter in European cities, especially in urban areas, is mainly from urban road traffic and constitutes a great threat to the health of...     

UV-Fenton法处理聚醚废水研究

采用UV-Fenton法处理实际聚醚废水,并通过响应曲面法对UV-Fenton法的运行参数进行优化,以H2O2投加量、FeSO4·7H2O投加量和处理时间为自变量,以废水的COD去除率及出水氨氮浓度为响应值,进行中心组合实验设计。同时,采用气相色谱/质谱技术对UV-Fenton法处理前后废水中污染物进行分析和鉴定。结果表明:(1)最优参数条件为H2O2和COD质量比1.49、FeSO4·7H2O和H2O2质量比0.83、处理时间71min,此时COD去除率为62.3%,出水氨氮质量浓度为45.5mg/L。(2)模型的拟合程度较高,两个响应值方程的决定系数(R2)分别为0.986 4、0.961 6。(3)进水中主要污染物有37种,经UV-Fenton法处理后出水中降低至29种,总有机物丰度降低约93.4%。(4)UV-Fenton法对醚类、酯类或酰胺类大分子有机物具有显著的降解效果,可将其转化为短链的烃类及醇类物质。     

超声波对滇池蓝藻伪空胞和群体沉降性能的影响

为提高混凝沉淀藻水分离技术的分离效果,以滇池新鲜蓝藻为研究对象,研究不同超声波处理条件下,超声波对伪空胞、蓝藻群体沉降性能及水体水质的影响。结果表明:超声波对伪空胞的破坏效果满足准一级动力学规律,反应速率常数k随着超声波功率密度的增大而增大,并逐步趋于饱和;短时间低功率(5 s,5.0～16.7 W·L~(-1))的超声波能破坏伪空胞,改善蓝藻群体沉降性能,降低水体pH,且对水体DTN、DTP浓度的影响5%;在保证出水安全的前提下,综合考虑处理效果和经济成本,超声波功率密度16.7 W·L~(-1)、处理时间5 s为超声波处理滇池藻样的最佳条件,该条件下蓝藻伪空胞破坏率、沉降率分别为84%、80%。利用超声波对滇池蓝藻进行处理,确定了超声波对滇池蓝藻的伪空胞有破坏作用,可以改善蓝藻群体的沉降性能,达到大规模、无污染的藻水分离的目的,为蓝藻水华控制提供参考。     

二氧化氯处理中药废水的氧化特性研究

采用稳定性二氧化氯溶液氧化降解中药废水,运用正交设计方法考察了常温、常压(291～298 K,1.013×10~5Pa)下ClO_2起始浓度([ClO_2]:COD)、pH、氧化反应时间等因素对中药废水处理效果的影响。研究表明,(1)当[ClO_2]:COD在1.0～0.4范围时,COD的平均去除率42%;当[ClO_2]:COD大于1.0或小于0.4时,COD平均去除率仅为27%～35%;(2)pH=2～4时,COD去除率可以达到40%以上,且pH≥10时,COD去除率高达59%;(3)COD去除率随着反应时间的延长而升高,氧化反应30 min左右,COD去除率能达到40%以上,105 min后处理效率达到63%;(4)ClO_2处理中药废水的最佳工艺条件是[ClO_2]:COD为0.7:1,反应pH值6,反应时间75 min。     

不同前处理方式对铁屑还原降解土壤中对硝基苯酚的影响

为推动铁屑在治理受硝基酚类化合物污染土壤中的实际应用,常温(25±1℃)常压下,利用不同前处理方式处理的铁屑、还原铁粉对土壤中的对硝基苯酚(p-NP)进行了还原降解研究;分析了土壤部分理化性质对p-NP还原效果的影响;并对反应时间、铁屑用量和土壤含水量3个人工易控因素作了最优化选择。结果表明:铁屑和铁粉对p-NP还原降解效果影响的大小顺序为:酸洗铁屑还原铁粉水洗铁屑碱洗铁屑;适中的土壤含水量、偏酸性的土壤初始pH值及较高的土壤有机质含量均可显著提高铁屑对p-NP的还原率;正交实验结果显示反应时间对p-NP还原效果影响最大,铁屑用量次之,土壤含水量最小;处理1.5 g p-NP浓度约为1.3×10-5mol/g的模拟污染土壤的反应最优化条件为:酸洗铁屑用量26 mg,土壤含水量0.35 mL,反应时间130 m in,还原率可达到96.4%。     

Potential Economic Benefits of Adapting Agricultural Production Systems to Future Climate Change

Potential economic impacts of future climate change on crop enterprise net returns and annual net farm income (NFI) are evaluated for small and large representative farms in Flathead Valley in Northwest Montana. Crop enterprise net returns and NFI in an historical climate period (1960–2005) and future climate period (2006–2050) are compared when agricultural production systems (APSs) are adapted to future climate change. Climate conditions in the future climate period are based on the A1B, B1, and A2 CO₂ emission scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Steps in the evaluation include: (1) specifying crop enterprises and APSs (i.e., combinations of crop enterprises) in consultation with locals producers; (2) simulating crop yields for two soils, crop prices, crop enterprises costs, and NFIs for APSs; (3) determining the dominant APS in the historical and future climate periods in terms of NFI; and (4) determining whether NFI for the dominant APS in the historical climate period is superior to NFI for the dominant APS in the future climate period. Crop yields are simulated using the Environmental/Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model and dominance comparisons for NFI are based on the stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF) criterion. Probability distributions that best fit the EPIC-simulated crop yields are used to simulate 100 values for crop yields for the two soils in the historical and future climate periods. Best-fitting probability distributions for historical inflation-adjusted crop prices and specified triangular probability distributions for crop enterprise costs are used to simulate 100 values for crop prices and crop enterprise costs. Averaged over all crop enterprises, farm sizes, and soil types, simulated net return per ha averaged over all crop enterprises decreased 24% and simulated mean NFI for APSs decreased 57% between the historical and future climate periods. Although adapting APSs to future climate change is advantageous (i.e., NFI with adaptation is superior to NFI without adaptation based on SERF), in six of the nine cases in which adaptation is advantageous, NFI with adaptation in the future climate period is inferior to NFI in the historical climate period. Therefore, adaptation of APSs to future climate change in Flathead Valley is insufficient to offset the adverse impacts on NFI of such change.     

生态文明建设视域下四川低碳发展研究

低碳发展是以低能耗、低排放、低污染、高效益为主要特征的绿色、可持续的综合发展模式,对于加快推进生态文明建设,建成长江上游生态屏障,适应经济发展新常态,实现"两个跨越"具有重大意义。2006—2014年间四川低碳发展水平逐年增长,但增速缓慢,经济、社会、能源等高碳化特征依然明显,针对四川低碳发展的现状和资源禀赋,建议从低碳产业、低碳能源、低碳消费、低碳环境、低碳科技等探索低碳发展的有效路径。