建设项目竣工环保验收存在的问题及对策建议

随着我国建筑建设的城镇化、现代化进程加快,为提升人民的生活质量带来了保障,由于建筑规模以及项目的增加,加剧了环境问题。在强调低碳经济的现代化社会,应该加强对建筑项目竣工验收工作的环保监测,针对竣工验收不环保的问题采取对策,促进建筑施工的绿色化发展。基于此,本文将针对当前建筑项目环保验收存在的问题展开探讨,并提出相应对策。     

Sea salt bittern-driven forward osmosis for nutrient recovery from black water: A dual waste-to-resource innovation via the osmotic membrane process

• A dual “waste-to-resource” application of FO was proposed. • Performance of sea salt bittern as an economic FO draw solution was evaluated. • High quality struvite recovery from black water using FO was demonstrated. • Feed pH is a key factor to control the form of recovered phosphorous. A dual “waste-to-resource” innovation in nutrient enrichment and recovery from domestic black water using a sea salt bittern (SSB)-driven forward osmosis (FO) process is proposed and demonstrated. The performance of SSB as a “waste-to-resource” draw solution for FO was first evaluated. A synthetic SSB-driven FO provided a water flux of 25.67±3.36 L/m²⋅h, which was 1.5‒1.7 times compared with synthetic seawater, 1 M NaCl, and 1 M MgCl₂. Slightly compromised performance regarding reverse solute selectivity was observed. In compensation, the enhanced reverse diffusion of Mg²⁺ suggested superior potential in terms of recovering nutrients in the form of struvite precipitation. The nutrient enrichment was performed using both the pre-filtered influent and effluent of a domestic septic tank. Over 80% of phosphate-P recovery was achieved from both low- and high-strength black water at a feed volume reduction up to 80%‒90%. With an elevated feed pH (~9), approximately 60%‒85% enriched phosphate-P was able to be recovered in the form of precipitated stuvite. Whereas the enrichment performance of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) largely differed depending on the strength of black water. Improved concentration factor (i.e., 3-folds) and retention (>60%) of TKN was obtained in the high-nutrient-strength black water at a feed volume reduction of 80%, in comparison with a weak TKN enrichment observed in low-strength black water. The results suggested a good potential for nutrient recovery based on this dual “waste-to-resource” FO system with proper management of membrane cleaning.     

Crosslinking acrylamide with EDTA-intercalated layered double hydroxide for enhanced recovery of Cr(VI) and Congo red: Adsorptive and mechanistic study

• Functional groups of AM and EDTA in composite increased removal of Cr(VI) and CR. • Removal process reached equilibrium within 30 min and was minimally affected by pH. • Elimination of Cr(VI) was promoted by coexisting CR. • Adsorption process of CR was less influenced by the presence of Cr(VI). • Mechanisms were electrostatic attraction, surface complexation and anion exchange. We prepared ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-intercalated MgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH-EDTA), then grafted acrylamide (AM) to the LDH-EDTA by a cross-linking method to yield a LDH-EDTA-AM composite; we then evaluated its adsorptive ability for Congo red (CR) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in single and binary adsorption systems. The adsorption process on LDH-EDTA-AM for CR and Cr(VI) achieved equilibrium quickly, and the removal efficiencies were minimally affected by initial pH. The maximum uptake quantities of CR and Cr(VI) on LDH-EDTA-AM were 632.9 and 48.47 mg/g, respectively. In mixed systems, chromate removal was stimulated by the presence of CR, while the adsorption efficiency of CR was almost not influenced by coexisting Cr(VI). The mechanisms involved electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, and anion exchange for the adsorption of both hazardous pollutants. In the Cr(VI) adsorption process, reduction also took place. The removal efficiencies in real contaminated water were all higher than those in the laboratory solutions.     

连云港酸雨变化特征及其影响因子分析

利用连云港酸雨观测资料和颗粒物浓度数据,分析了2008—2016年该地区酸雨的变化特征,同时讨论了酸雨发生前污染物浓度及其源地分布特点。结果表明:(1)统计时段内,连云港南、北部年均酸雨日数分别为33.2、21.3d;酸雨的年均pH分别为4.35和4.46,均达到强酸雨等级;8—9月酸雨日数最多,1月最少,但冬季酸雨频率较高。(2)连云港南、北部酸雨发生前平均连续无降水日数分别为2.8、4.0d,且连续性降水的酸雨酸性并不会因为前一天有降水而明显减弱。(3)酸雨开始前,南部地区大气中SO2平均质量浓度达27.6μg/m3,为北部地区的两倍。基于拉格朗日混合单粒子轨迹(HYSPLIT)模式的后向轨迹聚类分析表明,西北和偏南两种路径在连云港南、北两地强酸雨发生前气团轨迹中占比较大,均达60%以上,其源地分别对应华北和长三角两个工业集中、SO2等污染物排放高的地区。     

危险化学品仓储事故演化规律及消防力量需求研究

危险化学品仓储火灾事故复杂,处置难度大,易引发事故多米诺效应,对人民的生命和财产造成严重威胁。本文分析了危化品仓储火灾爆炸事故的演化规律和事故风险,结合事故案例剖析危化品仓储火灾爆炸事故后果及对周边区域的影响。针对危险化学品仓储火灾爆炸事故,建立危化品仓储火灾扑救泡沫需求评价二级指标体系,采用模糊层次分析法建立了泡沫灭火剂用量评价数学模型,并根据救援力量类别需求、各种应急救援装备与作战人员需求建立危化品火灾消防力量需求预测模型,准确预测危化品仓储事故消防力量需求。     

应急状态下矿井瓦斯爆炸致灾因子传播快速分类器研究*

为了在矿井瓦斯爆炸灾变发生后,快速确定瓦斯爆炸冲击波的压力、温度、有毒有害气体等致灾因子在井巷网络中的传播情况。利用CFD数值模拟或爆炸实验获得瓦斯爆炸冲击波的压力、温度、有毒有害气体等致灾因子传播大数据,将影响瓦斯爆炸传播的因素以及观测点等参数作为人工神经网络的输入节点,压力、温度等致灾因子作为输出节点,建立瓦斯爆炸致灾因子传播快速预测机器学习模型,解决CFD数值模拟的建模、计算及数据分析处理等过程耗时大、不适应灾变应急的快速响应等问题。研究结果表明:在给定爆炸位置和爆炸当量的均直巷道,获得任一点的爆炸冲击波压力、温度以及有毒有害气体所需时间是瞬时的,人工神经网络平均训练误差为6.92 %,有训练样本的验证误差为5.24 %,无训练样本的验证误差为6.88 %。     

AFB-SBR工艺处理蓝皮制革工业废水

采用厌氧流化床(AFB)-序批式反应器(SBR)工艺处理蓝皮制革工业废水。分别考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、容积负荷对厌氧流化床以及曝气时间、污泥浓度、溶解氧浓度对SBR反应器处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,AFB将实验废水的BOD_5/COD(B/C)值由0.19～0.26提高至0.35～0.42,有效提高了其可生化性;在进水COD浓度为1 700～1 890 mg/L、HRT为1 d、容积负荷为1.792 kg COD/(m~3·d)时,COD去除率达65.2%～68.5%,且具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力。SBR在进水COD浓度为628～712 mg/L、污泥浓度为2.9 g/L、曝气时间为10 h、溶解氧浓度为2 mg/L工况下,COD去除率达87.6%,NH_3-N去除率达93.6%,处理后出水水质符合污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)中的一级标准要求。     

餐厨垃圾中典型组分的裂解液化特征研究

利用实验室规模的实验装置管式加热炉进行餐厨垃圾热解实验,实验分析了反应温度对餐厨垃圾热解产物分布的影响,米饭、白菜、猪肉、塑料和纸5种原料在最佳温度下可实现热解油质量产率的最大化,分别为45.02%、24.55%、61.19%、73.77%和24.86%。其中,米饭和白菜热解油含水率较高,可达到30%~40%,将含水率降到15%后,测定热值分别为25.51 MJ/kg和17.75 MJ/kg。塑料和纸混合热解时,塑料热解过程的放热效应可缩小纸的热解温度区间,增加热解油产量。红外光谱分析厨余热解油包含多种含氧有机物。通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析塑料热解油和塑料与纸混合热解油在180℃以下蒸馏出的液相产物,主要组分为烷烃和烯烃,从成分和热值分析,与汽油、柴油相近。     

废弃植物中药渣的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)对丹参中药渣的热解特性及其动力学规律进行了研究。分析了不同升温速率(10、30和50℃/min)和不同粒径(0.85~0.6、0.3~0.18和0.125~0.1 mm)药渣的热解特性。结果表明,药渣热解可分为3个阶段:预热干燥阶段、主热解阶段和碳化阶段,随升温速率的升高,热重(TG)和微分热重(DTG)曲线向高温侧移动,药渣的最大失重速率也显著增加;与大颗粒相比较小颗粒的挥发分产量较大。采用Coats-Redfern法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法对药渣热解的动力学进行分析,选出了较为合理的机理函数,并计算得出药渣热解活化能为62~72 kJ/mol。