川西甘孜藏族自治州1961—2015年日照时数变化特征分析

甘孜藏族自治州(简称甘孜州)位于青藏高原东南缘,是一个气候敏感区和环境脆弱区.利用多年气象数据探讨该区气候变化趋势对研究区环境保护、灾害防治和发展规划有重要意义.本文基于1961—?2015年甘孜州11个气象站点的日照时数、气温、降水、相对湿度和风速数据,通过一元线性回归、5 a滑动平均、累计距平、Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变检验和样条函数插值分析方法,研究该地区年际、季度的日照时数时空变化特征以及与其他气候因子之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)平均日照时数在年际和季度尺度上呈减少趋势,减少速率分别为25 h·(10a)?1(年际)、6.4 h·(10a)?1(春季)、6.8 h·(10a)?1(夏季)、6.9 h·(10a)?1(秋季)、6.3 h·(10a)?1(冬季).(2)空间分布上,德格的西部地区日照时数减少最快,而乡城县等极少数地区出现日照时数增加的趋势.(3)年际日照时数在1989年发生突变,在季节尺度上春季、夏季、冬季发生突变的年份分别为1989年、1991年和1994年,秋季突变不明显.(4)日照时数与气温、降水量、相对湿度均呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为??0.2、??0.6、??0.5;日照时数与风速呈显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.6.本研究可为甘孜州地区1961—?2015年的气候变化提供数据支持.     

A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs)

Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.     

Occurrence, profiles, and ecotoxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in global apex predators: A critical review

Certain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exhibit significant bioaccumulation/biomagnification behaviors in ecosystems. PFASs, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and related precursors, have elicited attention from both public and national regulatory agencies, which has resulted in worldwide restrictions on their production and use. Apex predators occupy the top trophic positions in ecosystems and are most affected by the biomagnification behavior of PFASs. Meanwhile, the long lifespans of apex predators also lead to the high body burden of PFASs. The high body burden of PFASs might be linked to adverse health effects and even pose a potential threat to their reproduction. As seen in previous reviews of PFASs, knowledge is lacking between the current stage of the PFAS body burden and related effects in apex predators. This review summarized PFAS occurrence in global apex predators, including information on the geographic distribution, levels, profiles, and tissue distribution, and discussed the trophic transfer and ecotoxicity of PFASs. In the case where legacy PFASs were restricted under international convention, the occurrence of novel PFASs, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), in apex predators arose as an emerging issue. Future studies should develop an effective analytical method and focus on the toxicity and trophic transfer behavior of novel PFASs.     

两种生物炭对稻米中砷累积的影响研究

为探究土壤添加低剂量生物炭对稻米中砷累积的影响及作用机理,使用矿区砷污染土壤添加小麦和棉花秸秆生物炭进行盆栽和模拟试验.盆栽试验结果表明:添加质量分数为0.5％的低剂量小麦和棉花秸秆生物炭,可以降低稻米(糙米)砷浓度(约10％),作用有限.糙米中砷浓度的降低主要是由于其生物量增加所致.模拟试验结果表明:添加质量分数为1％?—?5％的高剂量生物炭可以显著促进土壤中砷释放,相比对照组,生物炭添加组土壤溶液中砷浓度增加了69％?—?243％,推测其可能是生物炭促进了微生物作用下铁氧化物的还原,进而导致砷释放.研究表明:土壤中施加低剂量小麦和棉花秸秆生物炭对减少水稻砷累积作用可能有限,而高剂量可能增加水稻砷污染健康风险.     

深圳市秋季VOCs空间分布特征与关键减排物种

于2019年11月6~9日开展了深圳全市11点位105种VOCs组分的离线观测,评估了深圳市不同区域的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFP）的空间分布特征.结果表明：观测期间深圳市总VOCs,总OFP和总SOAFP分别为44.3×10^-9,272.6和1.1μg/m³.从空间分布来看,VOCs,OFP与SOAFP具有相似特征,均呈现西高东低,北高南低的趋势,西北部工业区存在较多工业排放源,是削减VOCs的关键区域.从物种组成来看,体积浓度较高的物种有丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙烷;OFP较高的物种有1,3-丁二烯、甲苯、乙醛;SOAFP较高的物种有甲苯和二甲苯;且甲苯/苯比值表明溶剂排放等工业源对VOCs影响显著.从空间分布差异来看,正丁烷、甲苯和2,3-二甲基丁烷区域差异性较大.综合以上分析得出,正丁烷、异丁烷、甲苯、二甲苯和1,3-丁二烯作为化学活性较高且本地排放特征最显著的物种,是深圳市区域性O₃和PM_2.5协同防治的关键VOCs组分.     

Ten-year emission characteristics of atmospheric pollutants from incineration of sacrificial offerings in China

The incineration of sacrificial offerings is a significant widely practiced custom that is also a kind of neglected air pollution source in China. Our results showed that the emission factors of particulate matter, SO₂, CO, NO_x, and VOCs emitted from the incineration of sacrificial offerings with purification systems were reduced by 95%, 19%, 9%, 82%, and 42%, respectively, compared with those without a purification system, revealing a significant effect of the flue gas purification system on reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The emission level of air pollutants from the incineration of sacrificial offerings remained stable before 2013 and then showed a remarkable decrease after the implementation of China´s Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan in 2013. The emissions of TSP (total suspended particulate), PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and NO_x in 2009 were 8222, 6106, 5656 and 15,878 ton, respectively, obviously higher than 3434, 2551, 2305 and 8579 ton in 2019. Such trend was affected by both the quantity of incineration and the installation rate of purification systems after the Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Crematory (GB 13801-2015) issued in China. Distinct spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants from incineration of sacrificial offerings was found with higher in the east and south of China than the west and north of China, which is proportional to the regional economy and population. The maximum ground-level concentration typically occurred at 0.12-0.2 km from the pollution source, posing potential health risks to people entering and exiting funeral and burial sites and nearby residents.     

A mechanistic study of ciprofloxacin adsorption by goethite in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

The adsorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, onto goethite (Gt) in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs and TiO₂NPs) were investigated. Results showed that CIP adsorption kinetics in Gt with or without NPs both followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of AgNPs or TiO₂NPs inhibited the adsorption of CIP by Gt. The amount of inhibition of CIP sorption due to AgNPs was decreased with an increase of solution pH from 5.0 to 9.0. In contrast, in the presence of TiO₂NPs, CIP adsorption by Gt was almost unchanged at pHs of 5.0∼6.5 but was decreased with an increase of pH from 6.5 to 9.0. The mechanisms of AgNPs and TiO₂NPs in inhibiting CIP adsorption by Gt were different, which was attributed to citrate coating of AgNPs resulting in competition with CIP for adsorption sites on Gt, while TiO₂NPs could compete with Gt for CIP adsorption. Additionally, CIP was adsorbed by Gt or TiO₂NPs through a tridentate complex involving the bidentate inner-sphere coordination of the deprotonated carboxylic group and hydrogen bonding through the adjacent carbonyl group on the quinoline ring. These findings advance our understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the presence of NPs.     

地质高背景区外源污染叠加条件下大白菜对Cd、Pb、Zn累积途径探究

黔西北是喀斯特重金属地质高背景区,受历史上土法炼锌影响,区域内大气降尘重金属含量高,土壤污染严重.为探究叶菜类蔬菜重金属的累积途径,以大白菜为供试作物,选择Cd、 Pb和Zn含量一致的地质高背景土壤和锌冶炼污染土壤,在锌粉厂污染区和无污染对照区进行盆栽试验,研究露天、覆膜和大棚栽培条件下大白菜重金属含量、富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF).结果表明,污染区和对照区大白菜ω(Cd)范围分别在0.10～1.01 mg·kg^-1和0.10～0.91 mg·kg^-1,ω(Pb)为0.31～0.62 mg·kg^-1和0.23～0.37 mg·kg^-1,ω(Zn)为7.50～32.74 mg·kg^-1和4.88～21.79 mg·kg^-1,总体上污染区重金属含量偏高,在地质高背景土壤上种植的大白菜,Cd和Pb基本达到国家食品安全标准限值的要求.受大气沉降的影响,污染区大白菜Pb和Zn含量显著高于对照区,Cd差异不明显.污染土壤弱酸溶态Cd、 Pb和Zn占比分别为48...     

重庆废弃煤矿区表层土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

随着煤炭行业的萧条,废弃煤矿逐渐增加。为有效管理和改善矿区废弃地环境生态系统,采集废弃22年的重庆中梁山马家沟煤矿区内18个表层土壤样品和1个煤矸石样品,以及矿区之外的2个背景土壤样品,分析样品中多环芳烃（USEPA 16 PAHs）、正构烷烃（n-alkanes）、汞（Hg）和有机质（OM）含量水平。结果表明,表层土壤中PAHs的平均含量为170.3 ng/g,低于我国正在运行的煤矿区土壤PAHs含量水平,高于山区背景土壤PAHs含量水平。主成分分析（PCA）结果表明煤燃烧释放和原煤残渣分别贡献78.3%和17.6%,是表层土壤中PAHs的主要来源。PAHs与n-alkanes的相关系数r=0.83（P<0.01）,表明土壤中两者具有类似的输入途径和富集行为。PAHs与Hg之间不存在相关性,表明煤矿长期废弃后,这两种与矿区活动释放有关的污染物的环境归趋有显著差异。PAHs和OM之间也不存在相关性,表明与煤矿相关的有机质来源已经被植物、微生物的分泌物质及其残体的有机质替代,生态环境正逐步恢复。风险评价结果表明PAHs含量水平相对安全。值得注意的是,Hg含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。因此,政府对矿区旧址的土地利用应当基于多污染参数的叠加结果,避免单一指标的片面性评价与诊断。     

Novel chitosan–ethylene glycol hydrogel for the removal of aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid

It is urgent to explore an effective removal method for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) due to its recalcitrant nature. In this study, a novel chitosan-based hydrogel (CEGH) was prepared with a simple method using chitosan and ethylene glycol through a repeated freezing–thawing procedure. The adsorption of PFOA anions to CEGH agreed well to the Freundlich–Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity as high as 1275.9?mg/g, which is higher than reported values of most adsorbents for PFOA. The adsorption was influenced by experimental conditions. Experimental results showed that the main removal mechanism was the ionic hydrogen bond interaction between carbonyl groups (COO^?) of PFOA and protonated amine (NH⁺) of the CEGH adsorbent. Therefore, CEGH is a very attractive adsorbent that can be used to remove PFOA from water in the future.