降水中汞及其它元素来源的识别分析

在北京市不同地点采集４６ 个降水样品,测定了其中汞和其它元素的含量,通过主成分因子分析进行来源识别分析． 结果表明,降水中元素主要来源于燃煤、扬尘、燃油和特殊污染源．降水中汞（Ｈｇ）可能主要是土壤中汞挥发到大气中,经氧化后随降水降到地面．     

水产养殖自身污染及其生物修复技术

介绍了生物修复的概念、水产养殖存在的自身污染问题及其主要生物修复技术.营养物污染、药物污染和底泥富集污染是水产养殖存在的主要自身污染问题;微生物修复、水生植物修复和水生动物修复是污染养殖水域生物修复的3种主要形式;微生物的有效性、生物入侵、二次污染、修复生物的季节性和非水生植物的利用等方面是实施生物修复应注意的主要方面.最后指出,推行清洁生产、实行生态养殖是水产养殖业可持续发展的出路.     

加油站火灾爆炸危险指数评价

采用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数法对某加油站的单个汽油储罐进行了火灾、爆炸危险指数(FEI)评价及安全措施补偿分析.比较了二者的危害等级,结果表明经安全措施补偿,汽油储罐的安全水平得到很大提高.     

厌氧过程在厌氧－好氧工艺处理染料工业废水中的作用

采用厌氧－好氧工艺处理一种染料工业废水,在进水COD为1200mg／L,色度为500倍时,厌氧段有机负荷(COD)小于5．3kg／(m-3·d),水力停留时间6～10h,好氧段水力停留时间6．5h的条件下,出水COD＜200mg／L,色度＜50倍,达到了排放标准。同时,还着重讨论了厌氧段在去除COD、色度以及提高废水在好氧条件下的可生化性方面的独特作用。      

染料在好氧条件下的生物降解性能

根据合成染料的特性选用了较简单易行的３种生物降解性能测定方法,即静置烧瓶筛选试验法,瓦勃氏呼吸仪法,半连续活性污泥法试验,对２６种染料进行了测定分析,并比较了３种方法的结果和原因,同时,就环境因素对有机物生物降解性能测定的影响作了简要讨论,结果表明,多数染料在好氧条件下是难降解的,半连续活性污泥法试验虽然需较长的时间,但较另２种方法准确。     

室温下消除CO的催化剂

本文考察了活性炭复合载体负载的、采用铂和钯金属络合物为初始化合物制备的负载型贵金属催化剂,在CO氧化反应中的催化性能。从中筛选出可在室温下消除CO的催化剂(编号CO-20-2),并试验了该催化剂在干、湿两种原料气氛下的活性和稳定性。与国内外用于同种反应的催化剂相比较,其活性和稳定性均较好。采用活性炭复合载体和与其匹配的活性组分初始物质Na_2PtCl_6和Pd(OAc)_2时,适宜的H_2还原温度范围为100—200℃,CO-20-2催化剂可在室温至45℃的低温范围内连续消除空气内的CO。     

京津唐大气环境及其区域研究

本论文分析了北京、天津和唐山主要大气污染物随时间和地点的变化,并进一步分析了它们的污染特征。在此基础上,我们利用气象资料,污染源等基础资料,通过大气污染物主轴浓度模式计算了一年四个季节二氧化硫浓度分布,并且分析了全区二氧化硫分市特征及相互影响。区域大气环境是大气环境中新的课题,本文提供了使用燃煤密度、模式计算和污染系数来综合考虑大气环境区划的方法,为大气环境分区提供了参考手段。      

Effect of short-chain organic acids and pH on the behaviors of pyrene in soil-water system

The effects of five short-chain organic acids (SCOAs) on the behaviors of pyrene in soil-water system were investigated. The influences of the quantity and species of organic acids, pH, and soil dissolved organic matter were considered. The results showed the presence of SCOAs inhibited the adsorption and promoted the desorption of pyrene in the following order: citric acid>oxalic acid>tartaric acid>lactic acid>acetic acid. The decreased extents of pyrene adsorption performance enhanced with increasing SCOA concentrations, while the decreasing rate became less pronounced at high SCOA concentrations. In the presence of organic acids, the adsorption ability of pyrene decreased with increasing pH. However, there was a slight increase of pyrene adsorption with the addition of oxalic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid above pH 8. The capacity for pyrene retention differentiated significantly between the soils with and without dissolved organic matter. The presence of SCOAs was also favorable for the decrease of pyrene adsorption on soil without dissolved organic matter. The results of this study have important implications for the remediation of persistent organic pollutants in soil and groundwater.     

Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured from 2007 to 2010 at the center of Shanghai, China. Because VOCs are important precursors for ozone photochemical formation, detailed information of VOC sources needs to be investigated. The results show that the measured VOC concentrations in Shanghai are dominated by alkanes (43%) and aromatics (30%), following by halo-hydrocarbons (14%) and alkenes (6%). Based on the measured VOC concentrations, a receptor model (PMF; positive matrix factorization) coupled with the information related to VOC sources (the distribution of major industrial complex, meteorological conditions, etc.) is applied to identify the major VOC sources in Shanghai. The result shows that seven major VOC sources are identified by the PMF method, including (1) vehicle related source which contributes to 25% of the measured VOC concentrations, (2) solvent based industrial source to 17%, (3) fuel evaporation to 15%, (4) paint solvent usage to 15%, (5) steel related industrial production to 12%, (6) biomass/biofuel burning to 9%, and (7) coal burning to 7%. Furthermore, ozone formation potential related to VOC sources is calculated by the MIR (maximum incremental reactivity) technique. The most significant VOC source for ozone formation potential is solvent based industrial sources (27%), paint solvent usage (24%), vehicle related emissions (17%), steel related industrial productions (14%), fuel evaporations (9%), coal burning (6%), and biomass/biofuel burning (3%). The weekend effect on the VOC concentrations shows that VOC concentrations are generally higher in the weekdays than in the weekends at the sampling site, suggesting that traffic conditions and human activities have important impacts on the VOC emissions in Shanghai.     

光催化与生物技术联用工艺处理油漆废气中试研究

光催化与生物技术联用工艺用于油漆生产、加工过程有机废气的现场处理,中试实验结果表明:油漆生产、加工过程现场的主要污染物是甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯等苯系物,浓度在27～55 mg/m3之间。单独使用光催化和微生物技术现场处理这些苯系物,其去除效率都不很高。虽然在中试开始阶段光催化对苯系物的平均去除效率达到了86.2%,在中试稳定期,光催化技术对苯系物的平均去除效率却只有67.6%,而生物滴滤床在成功挂膜之后对现场有机废气的平均去除效率也仅为67.5%。但是将这两种工艺联合使用之后,在中试稳定期该组合工艺对苯系物的平均去除效率可以达到99.2%。