对国家环境保护野外观测研究站建设的几点思考

《国家环境保护"十二五"科技发展规划》提出将国家环境保护野外观测研究站作为"十二五"环境科技支撑能力建设内容之一;在《"十二五"国家自主创新能力建设规划》中也将国家野外科学观测研究站(网)作为科技创新基础条件的建设内容。在分析环保部门生态环境观测研究台站建设现状基础上,对国家环境保护野外观测研究台站的建设目标与定位、空间布局、运行机制、监测与评价技术体系构建、监测指标体系框架等进行分析探讨。在目标与定位上,国家环境保护野外观测研究台站既要与目前国内主要的生态环境监测网络(如中国生态系统研究网络和中国森林生态系统定位研究网络)形成补充,同时也要突出环保部门特色;在空间布局上既要关注水、空气、土壤污染的重点监控区,也要关注生态脆弱区、重要(点)生态功能区等生态敏感区;在技术体系上,要研究建立标准化、规范化的观测技术体系,同时也要注重生态环境评价方法研究,为生态环境精准化管理提供技术支持。     

2种耐寒生态浮床植物的水质改善性能研究

引种了2种陆地湿生的耐寒植物——黄菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾作为生态浮床植物,以水生美人蕉为对比,进行了水质改善实验研究。在6个月实验期内,黄菖蒲、西伯利亚鸢尾和美人蕉（5个月）对SRP的平均去除速率分别为79.27、20.92和34.29 mg/（m²?d）,对TP的平均去除速率分别为86.92、24.91和36.6 mg/（m²?d）,对NH⁺₄-N的平均去除速率分别为517.54、170.57和274.07 mg/（m²?d）,对TN的平均去除速率分别为763.79、301.81和384.04 mg/（m²?d）。黄菖蒲年去除磷的量21 207.64 mg/（m²?a）,是西伯利亚鸢尾的2.6倍,是美人蕉的3.8倍;年去除氮的量186 365.78 mg/（m²?a）,是西伯利亚鸢尾的1.9倍,美人蕉的3.2倍。黄菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾耐寒能越冬,生长期长,管理工作量小。     

Degradation and Pathway of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate

In the context of water treatment, the ferrate ([FeO(4)](2-)) ion has long been known for its strong oxidizing power and for producing a coagulant from its reduced form [i.e., Fe(III)]. However, it has not been widely applied in water treatment, because of preparation difficulties and high cost. This article describes a low-cost procedure for producing solid potassium ferrate. In this synthetic procedure, NaClO was used in place of chlorine generation; and 10?M KOH was used in place of saturated KOH in the previous procedures. In addition, this study investigated the reactions of potassium ferrate with tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) at different pH and molar ratios. Results showed that the optimal pH range for TC degradation was pH 9-10, and TC could be mostly removed by Fe(VI) in 60?s. However, results showed >70% of TC degraded and <15% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction at molar ratio of 1:20. The main degradation pathway of TC is proposed based on the experimental data.     

醌介体催化强化酸性红B生物脱色

考察了5种结构相似的醌介体(AQS、2,7-AQDS、AQDS、1,5-AQDS和α-AQS)对酸性红B生物脱色的催化强化作用。结果表明,反应进行至5 h,在0～0.24 mmol/L AQS的浓度范围内,最高脱色率达89%(0.24 mmol/L),相对于空白组(28%)提高约3.2倍,且零级反应速率常数K与介体浓度呈正相关线性关系,K=56.571CAQS+22.616(R2=0.9012);最适实验条件为AQS浓度0.24 mmol/L,0.25%NaCl,温度35℃,pH 7;在此实验条件下,5种醌介体相对于空白组脱色效率分别提高了1.14～1.53倍,体系氧化还原电位降低了38～87 mV。本研究为解决偶氮染料生物脱色技术存在的降解速率低的问题提供了新的思路。     

Annual input fluxes of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Hainan Island,China

The accumulation of heavy metals in farmland has become an important issue related to food security and environmental risk. The annual inputs of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) to agricultural soil for a full year in Hainan Island have been studied. Three fluxes through the cultivated horizon were considered: (1) atmospheric depositions, (2) fertilization, and (3) irrigation water. The corresponding samples were collected and analyzed on a large regional scale. The total input fluxes show obvious spatial variability among different regions. The inventory of heavy metal inputs to agricultural land demonstrates that agricultural soil is potentially at risk of heavy metal accumulation from irrigation water. The potential at risk of heavy metal accumulation from atmospheric deposition and fertilizer is relatively low compared to irrigation. The results indicate that Hg is the element of prior concern for agricultural soil, followed by Cd and As, and other heavy metal elements represent little threat to the environment in the study area. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic elements accumulated in agricultural soil.     

The potential of the flora from different regions of Pakistan in phytoremediation: a review

Soil and water quality is greatly affected by environmental pollution due to the increasing trend of urbanization and industrialization. In many developing countries, including Pakistan, the situation is more alarming as no preventive measures are still taken to tackle the problem. Although in developed countries, many techniques are used to remediate the environment including phytoremediation. It is the most eco-friendly technique in which plants are used to remove pollutants from the environment. Pakistan has also a great diversity of plants which could be used for the remediation of environmental pollutants. To our knowledge, few studies from Pakistan were reported about the use of flora for phytoremediation. According to recent literature, 50 plant species from Pakistan are studied for remediation purposes. In this review, the potential of different plant species for phytoremediation from Pakistan has been discussed along with their comparison to other countries to relate future perspectives.     

污染场地不同深度土壤有机-矿质复合体中有机氯农药的分布

采用物理方法将某农药厂土壤分成4种粒径的有机-矿质复合体组分,粘粒、粉粒、细砂和粗砂,研究有机氯农药在土壤不同有机-矿质复合体组分中的分布特征及有机质含量对污染物质赋存分布的影响。结果表明,粉粒组分中污染物质六六六含量较高,粘粒组分中滴滴涕含量较高。粘粒和粉粒组分中污染物质的含量与相应的有机质含量间呈现显著相关关系,而在细砂和粗砂中这种相关性不显著。lgKoc值与污染物质含量的相关性分析结果与有机质的相关性分析结果相似。有机质可能是影响场地土壤有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一。本研究的结果可为污染场地的风险控制和环境修复提供基础依据。     

市政污泥与不同烟煤混合燃烧特性

使用非等温热重法,研究了淮北烟煤和神华烟煤在6种不同市政污泥掺混比条件下对混合燃烧特性的影响,并对混合燃烧过程的动力学特性进行了分析。实验结果表明:污泥与煤的混合燃烧特性从总体上表现为污泥与煤共同作用的结果,最优的污泥掺混比受到煤种的影响。在不同煤中污泥掺烧比少于20%对煤的活性影响较小。活化性能较差的淮北烟煤在污泥掺混比为30%时,在不同的温度区间分别表现出污泥与煤的反应特征。活化性能较好的神华烟煤在污泥掺混比为40%时表现这一趋势。     

鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用研究

2009年在山东无棣的滨州市水产研究所养殖基地,进行了鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖对水质净化作用的试验,结果表明:鱼虾贝类立体生态养殖与单纯贝类生态养殖对水质的净化作用相比较,鱼虾贝类立体混养对CODMn、BOD5、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、硫化物、挥发酚的去除率明显高于贝类单独养殖的去除率,总磷的去除率二者相差不大,唯单纯贝类养殖对总氮的去除率高于鱼虾贝类立体养殖。     

新型自来水复合絮凝剂的研制与应用

研究用壳聚糖、聚铝和助剂A复合制备出一种成本低、絮凝效果好、出水Al3 含量少的新型自来水处理絮凝剂,并确定其最佳配比(体积比)为:0.1%壳聚糖:2%聚合氯化铝:0.1%助剂A=1:6:5.与传统聚铝类絮凝剂相比,其出水浊度和Al3 含量分别下降了2.97%和10.7%,并且药剂成本下降6.25%,有明显的经济和环境效益.