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281.
Many agricultural, biological, and environmental studies involve detecting temporal changes of a response variable, based on data observed at sampling sites in a spatial region and repeatedly over several time points. That is, data are repeated measures over time and are potentially correlated across space. The traditional repeated-measures analysis allows for time dependence but assumes that the observations at different sampling sites are mutually independent, which may not be suitable for field data that are correlated across space. In this paper, a nonparametric large-sample inference procedure is developed to assess the time effects while accounting for the spatial dependence using a block bootstrap. For illustration, the methodology is applied to describe the population changes of root-lesion nematodes over time in a production field in Wisconsin.  相似文献   
282.
磷酸三(2-丁氧基乙基)酯(tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate,TBOEP)作为一种新污染物在环境中已广泛被检出,但当前关于TBOEP的毒代动力学研究仍较为缺乏。为此,本研究旨在探索TBOEP及其代谢物在雄性SD大鼠体内的代谢及排泄规律。本研究将健康成年雄性SD大鼠经口单剂量给予750 mg·kg-1 TBOEP后,收集0~24 h、24~48 h、48~72 h、72~96 h、96~120 h、120~144 h和144~168 h不同时间段尿液和粪便样本,采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定TBOEP及其代谢物的含量。结果表明,染毒后,TBOEP及其代谢物双(丁氧基乙基)磷酸酯(bis (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate,BBOEP)、双(2-丁氧基乙基)-2-羟基乙基磷酸三酯(bis (2-butoxyethyl)-(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphate,BBOEHEP)在所有尿液和粪便样品中检出,双(2-丁氧基乙基)-2-(3-羟丁氧基)乙基磷酸三酯(tris (2-(3-hydroxy) butoxyethyl) phosphate,3-OH-TBOEP)仅在0~24 h粪便样品中检出。染毒后168 h内,TBOEP尿液和粪便累积排泄率为0.004%、0.422%,BBOEP尿液和粪便累积排泄率为0.007%、0.3931%,BBOEHEP尿液和粪便累积排泄率为0.011%、0.0434%,提示TBOEP及其代谢物BBOEP主要通过粪便排泄,而代谢物BBOEHEP通过尿液和粪便排泄。结果表明,BBOEP和BBOEHEP可能是TBOEP在大鼠体内主要的代谢产物。仅有极少部分的TBOEP代谢为3-HO-TBOEP,提示可能存在其他的生物转化过程。研究结果将为阐明TBOEP的毒代动力学规律提供科学依据。  相似文献   
283.
In the presence of local (sulfur) and global (carbon) pollutants, we examine the pollution haven hypothesis and free riding behavior. Under domestic emissions trading, poorer Southern countries become pollution havens when free trade opens up whenever sulfur damage functions are linear or when sulfur levels in equilibrium are not higher in the South. With global trading of carbon permits, the pollution haven effect emerges in equilibrium whenever the convex sulfur damage functions are nonlinear. Countries that do not participate in a Global Protocol designed to reduce carbon emissions enjoy double benefits, stemming from free riding and cleaner local environments.  相似文献   
284.
1,1-二氯-2,2-双(对氯苯基)乙烯(p,p'-DDE)是一种已知的雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)拮抗剂。有趣的是,已有研究证实p,p'-DDE同时可经由作用于AR的2种天然突变体H874Y和T877A产生拟雄激素效应,但其相互作用的分子机制尚不清晰。本研究联用分子动力学模拟与MM-GBSA方法,以内源性激素二氢睾酮(DHT)作为对照,对p,p'-DDE与2种突变体的相互作用分子机制进行了研究。模拟结果指出范德华相互作用是维持p,p'-DDE与AR突变体结合的主要驱动力,而溶剂化作用的差异是导致p,p'-DDE与H874Y具有较高结合活性的主要原因,H874Y结合口袋与p,p'-DDE的结构匹配度优于与T877A。与内源性配体二氢睾酮相比较,范德华作用与静电相互作用的差异是造成p,p'-DDE比DHT结合活性低的主要原因,p,p'-DDE与AR突变体之间缺乏氢键的稳定。MM-GBSA的结果确定p,p'-DDE与突变体结合过程的关键氨基酸以疏水性残基为主,其中L704、M745、L873尤为重要。计算获得的p,p'-DDE对H874Y及T877A相互作用分子机制有助于理解该污染物在不同人群中内分泌干扰效应的差异。  相似文献   
285.
    
Estimated anthropogenic Hg emission was 11.9 tons in Pearl River Delta for 2014. Quantifying contributions of emission sources helps to provide control strategies. More attentions should be paid to Hg deposition around the large point sources. Power plant, industrial source and waste incinerator were priorities for control. A coordinated regional Hg emission control was important for controlling pollution. We used CMAQ-Hg to simulate mercury pollution and identify main sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with updated local emission inventory and latest regional and global emissions. The total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the PRD for 2014 were 11,939.6 kg. Power plants and industrial boilers were dominant sectors, responsible for 29.4 and 22.7%. We first compared model predictions and observations and the results showed a good performance. Then five scenarios with power plants (PP), municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), industrial point sources (IP), natural sources (NAT), and boundary conditions (BCs) zeroed out separately were simulated and compared with the base case. BCs was responsible for over 30% of annual average mercury concentration and total deposition while NAT contributed around 15%. Among the anthropogenic sources, IP (22.9%) was dominant with a contribution over 20.0% and PP (18.9%) and MSWI (11.2%) ranked second and third. Results also showed that power plants were the most important emission sources in the central PRD, where the ultra-low emission for thermal power units need to be strengthened. In the northern and western PRD, cement and metal productions were priorities for mercury control. The fast growth of municipal solid waste incineration were also a key factor in the core areas. In addition, a coordinated regional mercury emission control was important for effectively controlling pollution. In the future, mercury emissions will decrease as control measures are strengthened, more attention should be paid to mercury deposition around the large point sources as high levels of pollution are observed.  相似文献   
286.
SO2在Co—Mo/AC催化剂上的还原   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
刘守军  刘振宇 《环境化学》1999,18(6):519-525
本文研究了活性焦(AC)担载Co-Mo催化剂对SO2还原的催化性能。考查了催化剂不同的预处理方法,H2/SO2摩尔比和还原温度对还原过程硫产率的影响,并就硫化后的Co-Mo和活性焦在催化床不同的构成对硫产率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,经硫化后的催化剂在SO2+2H2→S+2H2O反应有较高的催化活性,在最佳反应温度300℃,H/SO摩尔比为3,空速6000L;kg^-1.h^-1条件下,生成硫的产  相似文献   
287.
采用单因子污染指数法、TCLP法和内梅罗综合指数法对江西省某铜矿冶炼厂周边土壤重金属(As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni)进行生态风险评价.结果表明,土壤重金属As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni的含量分别在7.45-60.35、34.16-272.71、41.96-384.27、25.44-1019.27、3.68-40.13 mg·kg-1之间.单因子污染指数法评价发现,Cu重污染区Cu、As污染比较严重,Cu轻污染区除了个别样点有Zn、As等轻度污染外,其他采样点均没有重金属污染.TCLP法提取As、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别在0.00-1.54、0.00-3.90、0.23-46.86、0.00-229.95、0.05-1.07 mg·kg-1之间.内梅罗综合污染指数法评价发现,在Cu重污染区,受到重金属中度及以上污染的土壤占50%,而在Cu轻污染区重金属比较轻微.另外,重金属总量、TCLP法提取重金属量与土壤pH值、CEC等存在着相关性.  相似文献   
288.
    
A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m-3·d-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m-3·d-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO3?L-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS-1·d-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.  相似文献   
289.
抗生素的大量使用导致其通过各种途径进入到污水处理厂、地表水甚至饮用水源水中.在污水处理厂二级出水排放之前以及自来水的生产和供应过程中,都必须进行氯化消毒处理以杀灭病原微生物.在此过程中,抗生素一方面可能被氯化降解,另一方面也可能转化成毒性更高的降解产物.因此,了解抗生素在氯化消毒过程中的降解行为对于明确其生态和健康风险至关重要.本文在大量文献资料调研的基础上,综述了不同种类抗生素的氯化降解行为及其影响因素,分析了抗生素氯化降解前后的毒性效应,提出了今后研究的方向.  相似文献   
290.
    
Three metallised azo dyes were investigated under TiO2‐photocatalytic and photosensitised conditions in aqueous buffering solutions. The degradation follows apparent first‐order kinetics. The size and strength of intramolecular conjugation determine the light‐fastness of the investigated dyes. Compared with 1O2 produced in photosensitised process, the more powerful *OH radicals in TiCO2 photocatalytic process are highly reactive towards the investigated azo dyes. And as a result, the TiO2‐photocatalysis makes little less distinction in the degradation kinetic data of the azo dyes compared with the photosensitised degradation of them.  相似文献   
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