PAH emission from the incineration of three plastic wastes

A batch-type, controlled-air incinerator was used for the treatment of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) plastic wastes. The concentration and composition of 21 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the raw wastes, flue gas (gas and particle phases), and ash were determined. Stack flue-gas samples were collected by a PAH stack-sampling system. Twenty-one individual PAHs were analyzed primarily by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The CO concentration correlated well with the total PAH (R2 > .89), and thus can be used as a surrogate indicator for PAH emission. Excess amounts of air supply in the incineration of plastic wastes could decrease not only the concentration of the PAHs in the bottom ash but also the emission factor (EF) of the total PAH in the stack flue gas. Of the three plastic wastes, HDPE was found to have the highest mean EF of the total PAHs (462.3 mg/kg waste) from the stack flue gas. Incinerating PVC would result in a higher EF of PAHs (195.4 mg/kg waste) in the bottom ash. When PVC plastic wastes were incinerated, higher-ringed PAHs constituted a larger percentage in the bottom ash as compared to those from PP and HDPE plastics. By judging the output and input (O/I) ratio of the PAHs from the incineration trials of plastic wastes, the PAHs involved in incineration of three plastic wastes were almost entirely destroyed; and a low residual amount between 0.00018 and 0.00032 remained in the emission.     

安徽太平湖水库饵料生物资源及其变化研究

１９９２年１１月至１９９３年８月，对太平洋水库浮游生物和底栖动物的周年调查结果表明，该库的天然饵料资源比较丰富，与８年前的资料相比，各类饵料生物的生物量均有较大幅度的增加，饵料生物的年产鱼潜力合计约为１２５万ｋｇ，化学分析结果显示，太平湖水库目前水质状况尚好。     

南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

Effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes and potential links with archaeal communities during vacuum-type composting and positive-pressure composting

As a major reservoir of antibiotics, animal manure contributes a lot to the augmented environmental pressure of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This might be the first study to explore the effects of different ventilation types on the control of ARGs and to identify the relationships between archaeal communities and ARGs during the composting of dairy manure. Several ARGs were quantified via Real-time qPCR and microbial communities including bacteria and archaea were analyzed by High-throughput sequencing during vacuum-type composting (VTC) and positive-pressure composting (PPC). The total detected ARGs and class I integrase gene (intI1) under VTC were significantly lower than that under PPC during each stage of the composting (p < 0.001). The relative abundance of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) which were identified based on sequencing information and correlation analysis decreased by 74.6% and 91.4% at the end of PPC and VTC, respectively. The composition of archaeal communities indicated that methane-producing archaea including Methanobrevibacter, Methanocorpusculum and Methanosphaera were dominant throughout the composting. Redundancy analysis suggested that Methanobrevibacter and Methanocorpusculum were positively correlated with all of the detected ARGs. Network analysis determined that the possible hosts of ARGs were different under VTC and PPC, and provided new sights about potential links between archaea and ARGs. Our results showed better performance of VTC in reducing ARGs and potential HPB and demonstrated that some archaea could also be influential hosts of ARGs, and caution the risks of archaea carrying ARGs.     

平原河网地区双向生态补偿机制与核算方法

针对平原河网地区地势平坦、水流流向不定、上下游关系不明确的特点,以太湖流域为例,根据“十二五”期间流域内各区域COD和NH₃-N两种污染物的削减量和削减成本,运用非线性回归获得各区域的污染物削减成本函数.根据污染物削减成本函数,以流域污染物削减总成本最小为规划目标,以区域间污染物转移量不超过30%为约束条件,构建基于单目标非线性规划方程组的流域污染物削减总成本最小化模型,求解模型获得太湖流域各区域间的污染物削减成本优化配额方案,计算行政指令配额方案与成本优化配额方案下各区域污染物削减成本的差额,以此为依据,核算生态补偿金额并确定生态补偿方向.核算结果表明,相比行政指令配额方案,太湖流域的成本优化配额方案能够节省9 897.03×104元的污染物削减总成本,根据成本优化配额方案,江苏省需要向浙江省和上海市提供10 577.86×104元的生态补偿费用,浙江省和上海市可分别获得8 909.12×104和1 668.74×104元的生态补偿费用.这种基于流域污染物削减成本最小化的生态补偿机制,根据污染物削减成本函数核算生态补偿金额并确定补偿方向,由于污染物削减成本函数有一定的变动性,因此,允许两个区域间根据成本变动情况改变补偿方向,是一种双向生态补偿机制.      

基于标准模型库的企业财务风险分析方法探析

笔者在对企业财务风险指标进行科学选取的基础上 ,利用主成分分析法和因子分析方法计算企业财务风险综合得分 ;依照所得的两种综合得分进行风险聚类 ;并以聚类结果构建企业财务风险标准模型库。该风险标准模型库形成了企业财务风险的相对静态数据参考 ,据此 ,监管部门可方便地运用模糊识别方法对企业财务数据进行风险判断和分类 ,不需对加大样本的企业数据进行重新计算 ,大大提高了工作效率。该方法综合了几种方法的优点 ,在实践中得到了较合理的分析结果。     

酸化水体中的浮游生物及其与主要化学因子的关系

１９９１－１９９２年对重庆市郊若干酸化水体的生物待正与理化参数进行综合研究的结果表明，藻类的种类数、细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素ａ含量以及浮游动物的种类数等均与呈正相关，但与Ｈ＋和总Ａｌ浓度呈负相关。浮游动物的个体密度在酸化水体中明显下降，但是鱼的捕食作用掩盖了其与上述化学参数之间的相关性。水体中Ｈ＋和总Ａｌ浓度的增加在很大程度上对浮游生物产生了不利影响，水体的透明度、总Ａｌ．ＴＰ和ＳＯ与ｐＨ的相关性十分明显，ｒ值分别为－０．６３７５、－０．６８６８、０．７５６１和０．７３２３。     

用投影寻踪技术评价环境质量

本文介绍了国际统计界近年来迅速发展的投影寻踪技术及其方法与特点，指出这是非常适合环境质量评价的一种新兴统计方法。     

生态环境补偿费征收的若干问题及实施效果预测研究

征收生态环境补偿费是解决我国资源保护和生态环境破坏问题的有效手段之一，目前在我国尚未全面展开。根据国外的经验，一项征费工作的展开需要解决理论和实践上的一系列问题，如费率确定、实施管理方法、社会经济和环境效果分析等。本文就生态环境补偿费征收的原则、征收对象、收费标准以及收费效果预测等几个方面进行了探讨，提出了若干措施和意见，可为实践工作所参考。     

有机化合物动态定量结构——生物降解关系(QSBR)模型研究

本文通过分析一般ＱＳＢＲ模型应用的特点、不足和影响有机物生物降解的基本因素，指出ＱＳＢＲ模型应综合反映影响有机物生物降解的四个方面（以氯代芳香化合物为例）：氯代苯系物的摄入、氯代苯系物的诱导作用、毒性物质的形成和基础酶的缺乏。在此基础之上给出了动态ＱＳＢＲ的概念模式及方法学基础。