利用白云石石灰去除与回收污泥厌氧消化液中氮和磷

以白云石石灰为实验材料去除与回收污泥厌氧消化液中的氮磷,通过小试实验研究不同投药固液比S/L、初始pH值、反应温度、搅拌速度及反应时间对去除与回收氮磷效果的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳投药固液比S/L为300mg/L,最佳初始pH值范围为8.5~9.5,反应温度为25.0℃,搅拌速度为150 r/min,反应时间为24 h条件下,氨氮(NH+4-N)和磷(PO3-4-P)的去除率分别为37.26%和89.60%。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对沉淀产物进行了表征,通过分析可知沉淀产物中含有磷酸铵镁(MAP),可实现废水中氮磷经济有效的回收。     

假单胞菌好氧降解四溴双酚A的特性

为了解四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的好氧降解特性,采用选择富集法从活性污泥中分离出一株能够高效降解四溴双酚A的菌株。根据其形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA核苷酸序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。研究结果表明,该菌株可通过好氧共代谢方式实现四溴双酚A的降解,葡萄糖是四溴双酚A降解的最佳碳源,其最优降解条件为葡萄糖8 g/L,牛肉膏0.5 g/L,pH值为7.0,培养温度为35℃,摇床转速为150 r/min。在该条件下其生物降解过程符合一级动力学模型,6 d后的降解率高达95.6%。LC-MS结果表明,四溴双酚A在好氧降解过程中会生成异丙苯酚类物质。     

Tree bark as a passive air sampler to indicate atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in southeastern China

The different barks were sampled to discuss the influence of the tree species, trunk circumference, and bark thickness on the accumulation processes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from air into the bark. The results of different PBDE concentrations indicated that barks with a thickness of 0–3 mm collected from weeping willow, Camphor tree, and Masson pine, the trunk circumferences of which were 100 to 150 cm, were better PBDEs passive samplers. Furthermore, tree bark and the corresponding air samples were collected at Anji (AJ), Hangzhou (HZ), Shanghai (SH), and Wenling (WL) to investigate the relationship between the PBDE concentrations in bark and those in air. In addition, the significant correlation (r ²?=?0.906; P?<?0.05) indicated that atmospheric PBDEs were the principle source for the accumulation of PBDEs in the barks. In this study, the log K _BA (bark–air partition coefficient) of individual PBDE congeners at the four sites were in the range from 5.69 to 6.79. Finally, the total PBDE concentration in WL was 5 to 20 times higher than in the other three cities. The result indicated that crude household workshops contributed a heavy amount of PBDEs pollution to the environment, which had been verified by the spatial distribution of PBDEs levels in barks collected at Wenling (range, 26.53–1317.68 ng/g dw). The good correlation between the PBDE concentrations in the barks and the air samples and the variations of the PBDE concentrations in tree barks collected from different sites reflected that the bark could be used as a passive sampler to indicate the atmospheric PBDEs.     

不同酶强化污泥为燃料微生物燃料电池特性对比分析

采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),对比分析了蛋白酶和淀粉酶强化剩余污泥为燃料的MFC(ESMFC)产电特性、酶特性和污泥减量化效果。研究表明,投加蛋白酶的ESMFC最大功率密度比对照组增加106.2%,投加淀粉酶时ESMFC最大功率密度比对照组增加48%。蛋白酶作用主要体现在投加后的前12小时,而淀粉酶作用时间则较长,为投加后的前144小时,但在运行前期,由于高温作用,导致系统内的酶活性较强,投加的淀粉酶作用则不明显。投加蛋白酶的系统内TCOD、TSS和VSS去除率分别为82%、65%和85%,而投加淀粉酶的系统内TCOD、TSS和VSS去除率分别达到86%、67%和88%。此研究对于ESMFC中外加酶的选择具有一定意义。     

质子化改性交联壳聚糖的制备及其吸附硫酸根离子的性能

以壳聚糖为原料,甲醛为氨基保护剂,戊二醛为交联剂,采用反相悬浮交联法制备交联壳聚糖,再对其进行质子化改性得到质子化改性交联壳聚糖吸附剂。通过正交实验对该吸附剂的制备条件进行优化,并对其吸附水中硫酸根（SO₄^2-）的吸附等温特性和动力学进行研究,最后对制备和吸附过程进行能谱分析（EDS）并对吸附剂进行了再生实验。实验结果表明,交联反应的优化条件为：反应温度50℃、反应时间6 h、甲醛：戊二醛：壳聚糖为4.5：0.5：3（质量比）;该吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,在25℃（298 K）下,吸附容量最大可达133.87 mg/g;吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型;EDS分析表明了交联反应、质子化改性和吸附反应均已发生;该吸附剂的再生性能良好,可以重复使用。     

重庆主城区秋冬季逆温对空气质量影响的观测分析

2013年9—11月利用RPG-HATPRO地基多通道微波辐射计对重庆主城区大气进行连续探测,统计了大气逆温情况,并对典型重污染天气下大气逆温与空气质量状况进行综合分析。结果表明,逆温出现的频率为63.3%,基本为接地逆温类型,逆温层厚度为953 m,逆温强度为0.3℃/hm;逆温的存在为气溶胶的积聚和凝聚创造了有利条件。     

Contamination of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from a waterbird-inhabited lake,East Central China

Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in the water and sediments from a waterbird-inhabited lake (Yangchaihu Lake) to evaluate their current pollution levels and potential risks. The concentrations of total OCPs in water and sediments were 10.12–59.75 ng/l and 4.25–27.35 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the most abundant OCPs, while HCB and cyclodiene pesticides were detected with low levels. Levels of ∑OCPs (sum of 17 OCPs) at sites highly influenced by waterbirds were significantly higher than the sites with no significant waterbird populations (one-way ANOVA, P?相似文献   

鸭绿江(丹东段)水污染控制系统规划研究

鸭绿江是中朝两国的界河,是沿江两国人民生活和生产的主要水源。下游河道长233km,可分为各具特点的三个江段:上段由浑江至水丰电站,为水库淹没区;中段由太平湾电站至马市为河流段;下段由马市至江海分界线为感潮河口段,该段长约55km,潮流界在东尖头处,距江口27km。下段中,由大沙河口开始承纳中朝两国沿岸工矿、城镇排放的大量污水,使宽阔(干流宽度为1～3km)江面的沿岸两侧形成了二条明显的岸边污染带,中方江桥处污染带宽达200m左右。从目前和未来都不能满足水产养殖和旅游的要求。本研究的目的是为经济有效地改善鸭     

草甸棕壤中镉、铅、油含量对微生物类群和生化活性的影响

本研究以重金属化合物(CdCl_2、PbCl_2)和矿物油作为土壤的污染物,分析土壤中镉、铅、油的含量对土壤微生物类群与生化活性的影响。结果表明,镉、铅、油对水旱田中的细菌抑制作用比较明显,对放线菌、真菌抑制作用较差。小剂量的镉、铅、油对固氮菌有刺激作用,大剂量则有抑制作用。对尿酶和硝化细菌的代谢有明显抑制作用,对其它酶类不明显。 从含重金属的平板培养基上反映出土壤对重金属的掩蔽作用。污染物对微生物的生化活性的临界毒害浓度分别为:镉 5—60ppm;铅 300—500ppm;油 500—5000ppm。     

氯化钠抑制下乙酸厌氧降解的动力学模型

作者利用五个实验室规模的完全混合反应器进行较长时间的半连续培养,研究在氯化钠抑制下乙酸盐的厌氧降解。结果表明,在不同条件下运行的反应器内,存在优势菌群的显著差异,因此在不同条件下运行的反应器对抑制有不同的响应。作者引入抑制因子的概念,建立了在氯化钠抑制下乙酸厌氧降解的动力学模型。同时指出反应器运行条件与菌群组成的联系以及菌群组成的差别对反应器运行状况的影响,在废水生物处理的动力学模型研究中应给予足够的重视。