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947.
Including adaptation costs and climate change damages in evaluating post-2012 burden-sharing regimes
Andries F. Hof Michel G. J. den Elzen Detlef P. van Vuuren 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(1):19-40
Many studies have been published to evaluate the consequences of different post-2012 emission allocation regimes on regional
mitigation costs. This paper goes one step further and evaluates not only mitigation costs, but also adaptation costs and
climate change damages. Three post-2012 emission allocation regimes (Contraction & Convergence, Multistage and Common but
differentiated convergence) and two climate targets (2°C and 3°C above the pre-industrial level) are considered. This explorative
analysis shows that including these other cost categories could lead to different perspectives on the outcomes of allocation
regimes. Up to 2050, the poorest regions have negative mitigation costs under all allocation regimes considered, as they benefit
from emission trading. However, these regions also suffer from the most severe climate impacts. As such, the financial flows
due to emission trading from developed to developing countries created under these allocation regimes could also be interpreted
as compensation of climate change damages and adaptation costs. In the longer run, the sum of climate change damages, adaptation
costs and mitigation costs are the highest in the poorest regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, for both climate targets
and practically all emission allocation regimes. 相似文献
948.
Lisa Dahlén Helena Åberg Anders Lagerkvist Per E.O. Berg 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(6):1798-1806
The aim of this study was to provide policy-makers and waste management planners with information about how recycling programs affect the quantities of specific materials recycled and disposed of. Two questions were addressed: which factors influence household waste generation and pathways? and how reliable are official waste data? Household waste flows were studied in 35 Swedish municipalities, and a wide variation in the amount of waste per capita was observed. When evaluating the effect of different waste collection policies, it was found to be important to identify site-specific factors influencing waste generation. Eleven municipal variables were investigated in an attempt to explain the variation. The amount of household waste per resident was higher in populous municipalities and when net commuting was positive. Property-close collection of dry recyclables led to increased delivery of sorted metal, plastic and paper packaging. No difference was seen in the amount of separated recyclables per capita when weight-based billing for the collection of residual waste was applied, but the amount of residual waste was lower. Sixteen sources of error in official waste statistics were identified and the results of the study emphasize the importance of reliable waste generation and composition data to underpin waste management policies. 相似文献
949.
Susana Garrido Rui Rosa Radhouan Ben-Hamadou Maria Emilia Cunha Maria Alexandra Chícharo Carl D. van der Lingen 《Marine Biology》2008,154(6):1053-1065
Temporal variation in the fatty acid (FA) composition of stomach contents of Iberian sardines was compared to the relative
contribution to dietary carbon made by different prey types for fish from two areas off Portugal. The effect of the FA content
of the diet on sardine muscle FA composition was also studied, aiming at (1) analysing if FA biomarkers can be used as a complementary
technique for the study of sardine diet and (2) to relate spatial and temporal variations of prey FA content with sardine
condition and reproduction. Significant spatial differences in the FA composition of sardine diet occurred with concentrations
of n-3 polyunsaturated FA, namely eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5n-3] and linolenic acid 18:3n-3, being significantly higher
in the diet of sardines from the west coast, whilst the diet of sardines from the south coast was richer in monounsaturated
fatty acids (MUFA), namely the carnivory biomarker oleic acid 18:1n-9. These results are in agreement with the higher contribution
made by diatoms and dinoflagellates to the diet of sardines off the west coast. Spatial variation in sardine dietary FA was
also detected in their muscle composition, specifically for EPA, and the eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid and (n-3)/(n-6)
ratios, which were higher in sardines from the west coast. No difference in FA composition was detected between sexes, and
the seasonal variability in sardine total FA concentration was primarily related to the seasonality of spawning. Sardines
accumulate high concentrations of FAs during the resting stage of reproduction when the feeding intensity is similar or lower
to that observed during the spawning season. Additionally, sardines show a high selective retention of MUFA and polyunsaturated
FA (PUFA) throughout the year except at the beginning of the spawning season, when these FAs are largely invested in the formation
of the gonads. Therefore, temporal and regional differences of prey environments are strong enough to be reflected in fish
body composition, namely on the accumulation of essential FAs, which can have a strong impact on reproduction success for
this species. 相似文献
950.
Patrick A.W. van Hees Kristin Elgh-Dalgren Magnus Engwall Thomas von Kronhelm 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2008,52(12):1349-1361
The disposal of soil material after ex situ treatment of contaminated soil is an issue of growing concern. The handling and use of this material are surrounded by numerous regulatory, economic, technical and societal aspects that complicate or hinder re-cycling. As a consequence, the lack of means of recovery can in the long-term bias the whole remedial process. In addition, it can affect the competition between various treatment options such as ex situ, and in situ techniques and landfilling. At the same time the materials must not have any negative environmental impacts, and their usage must be compatible with existing risk assessment and management frameworks regarding contaminated land. Other concerns such as a possible distinction against “lightly” contaminated materials, waste status and public acceptance add to the complexity. This paper focuses on Swedish conditions, but does also provide an outlook concerning EU regulation. A summary of leaching and batch tests employed for re-use of soil and waste is presented as well as an overview of the eco-toxicological aspects of treated materials. The main conclusion is that re-cycling of treated soil is desirable from numerous aspects, but has to go along an adequate risk assessment. 相似文献