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61.
Jianlin Hu Qi Ying Jianjun Chen Abdullah Mahmud Zhan Zhao Shu-Hua Chen Michael J. Kleeman 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(2):215-226
Comparisons were made between three sets of meteorological fields used to support air quality predictions for the California Regional Particulate Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) winter episode from December 15, 2000 to January 6, 2001. The first set of fields was interpolated from observations using an objective analysis method. The second set of fields was generated using the WRF prognostic model without data assimilation. The third set of fields was generated using the WRF prognostic model with the four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) technique. The UCD/CIT air quality model was applied with each set of meteorological fields to predict the concentrations of airborne particulate matter and gaseous species in central California. The results show that the WRF model without data assimilation over-predicts surface wind speed by ~30% on average and consequently yields under-predictions for all PM and gaseous species except sulfate (S(VI)) and ozone(O3). The WRF model with FDDA improves the agreement between predicted and observed wind and temperature values and consequently yields improved predictions for all PM and gaseous species. Overall, diagnostic meteorological fields produced more accurate air quality predictions than either version of the WRF prognostic fields during this episode. Population-weighted average PM2.5 exposure is 40% higher using diagnostic meteorological fields compared to prognostic meteorological fields created without data assimilation. These results suggest diagnostic meteorological fields based on a dense measurement network are the preferred choice for air quality model studies during stagnant periods in locations with complex topography. 相似文献
62.
Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sybil P. Seitzinger Uno Svedin Carole L. Crumley Will Steffen Saiful Arif Abdullah Christine Alfsen Wendy J. Broadgate Frank Biermann Ninad R. Bondre John A. Dearing Lisa Deutsch Shobhakar Dhakal Thomas Elmqvist Neda Farahbakhshazad Owen Gaffney Helmut Haberl Sandra Lavorel Cheikh Mbow Anthony J. McMichael Joao M. F. deMorais Per Olsson Patricia Fernanda Pinho Karen C. Seto Paul Sinclair Mark Stafford Smith Lorraine Sugar 《Ambio》2012,41(8):787-794
Cities are rapidly increasing in importance as a major factor shaping the Earth system, and therefore, must take corresponding responsibility. With currently over half the world’s population, cities are supported by resources originating from primarily rural regions often located around the world far distant from the urban loci of use. The sustainability of a city can no longer be considered in isolation from the sustainability of human and natural resources it uses from proximal or distant regions, or the combined resource use and impacts of cities globally. The world’s multiple and complex environmental and social challenges require interconnected solutions and coordinated governance approaches to planetary stewardship. We suggest that a key component of planetary stewardship is a global system of cities that develop sustainable processes and policies in concert with its non-urban areas. The potential for cities to cooperate as a system and with rural connectivity could increase their capacity to effect change and foster stewardship at the planetary scale and also increase their resource security. 相似文献
63.
Masturi Mikrajuddin Abdullah Khairurrijal 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(3):225-231
Simple mixing and hot pressing methods were used to make composites from home waste—in particular, paper and dry leaves—using
polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as an adhesive and silica nanoparticles as filler. The optimum composition for the strongest composites,
in terms of compressive strength, had a mass ratio of silica nanoparticles/PVAc/(paper + dry leaves) of 3:80:280. With this
mass ratio, a compressive strength of 68.50 MPa was obtained for samples prepared at a pressing temperature of 150°C, pressing
pressure of 100 MPa, and pressing time of 20 min. The addition of silica nanoparticles increased the compressive strength
by about 50%, compared with composites made without the addition of nanosilica (45.60 MPa). Higher compressive strength was
obtained at a higher pressing pressure. At a pressing pressure of 120 MPa, pressing temperature of 150°C, and pressing time
of 20 min, a compressive strength of 69.10 MPa was obtained. When the pressing time was increased to 45 min at a pressing
pressure of 120 MPa, a compressive strength of 84.37 MPa was measured. A model was also proposed to explain the effects of
pressing pressure and pressing time on compressive strength. The model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental
data. 相似文献
64.
65.
Haruno Subianto Bebeh W. Nuryadin Khairurrijal Hernawan Mahfudz Nur Dananjaya Mikrajuddin Abdullah 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2013,15(2):210-217
A new method for decomposing organic pollutants in water is proposed. First, we used less pure titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles as a photocatalyst material to achieve an absorption band that would be as wide as the spectrum for visible sunlight. The TiO2 particles were coated onto the surface of transparent plastic fibers and used to decompose test solutions of rhodamine that were placed in open sunlight for several days. We observed an effective decomposition, and after completing the decomposition process, the fibers could be removed easily from the cleaned water leaving no TiO2 in the water. Because there was no significant change in the elemental composition of the fiber surface after being used for cleaning the water, the coated fiber can be used repeatedly. 相似文献
66.
Abdullah Shakir Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry Javed Iqbal Qazi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(3):2833-2842
The river Ravi, while passing through Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan, gets highly polluted owning heavy loads of untreated municipal sewage and industrial effluents of diverse kinds. The fish, Catla catla sampled in two different seasons from three downstream polluted sites were compared with the samples of the same fish from an upstream, a less polluted site, for their physico-chemical parameters. The data were statistically analysed to study the effect of sites, seasons and their interaction on the physico-chemical parameters of waters and mineral uptake in fish muscles. Significant differences (P?<?0.001) among the sampling sites and seasons were observed. The river appeared to be polluted as indicated by the high values of total suspended solids (909 mg/l) and sulphate (964 mg/l) in comparison to the respective values of 150 and 600 mg/l being suggested as the safer values of drinking water of the National Environmental Quality Standards. Most trace and macro elements in fish muscles were increased with the increasing pollution loads from the upstream to the downstream sites of this river. The remarkable increases in the levels of all the investigated minerals in fish muscles from the polluted sites raise concerns about the long-term health of the river Ravi ecosystem and consequently the fish and its consumer’s health. The results contradict the opinion of the local population that the riverine fish are natural, more health-promoting and precious than the pond fish. Therefore, we strongly argue for the utilization of an effect-based monitoring approach to alleviate the detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities on fish and the fish consumers’ health. 相似文献
67.
Chemometric application in identifying sources of organic contaminants in Langat river basin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Increasing urbanization and changes in land use in Langat river basin lead to adverse impacts on the environment compartment.
One of the major challenges is in identifying sources of organic contaminants. This study presented the application of selected
chemometric techniques: cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) to classify
the pollution sources in Langat river basin based on the analysis of water and sediment samples collected from 24 stations,
monitored for 14 organic contaminants from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sterols, and pesticides groups. The CA
and DA enabled to group 24 monitoring sites into three groups of pollution source (industry and urban socioeconomic, agricultural
activity, and urban/domestic sewage) with five major discriminating variables: naphthalene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, coprostanol,
and cholesterol. PCA analysis, applied to water data sets, resulted in four latent factors explaining 79.0% of the total variance
while sediment samples gave five latent factors with 77.6% explained variance. The varifactors (VFs) obtained from PCA indicated
that sterols (coprostanol, cholesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmastanol) are strongly correlated to domestic and urban sewage, PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, pyrene,
benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene) from industrial and urban activities and chlorpyrifos correlated to samples nearby
agricultural sites. The results demonstrated that chemometric techniques can be used for rapid assessment of water and sediment
contaminations. 相似文献
68.
Multivariate statistical techniques for the assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality of pasture ecosystems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Majid Ajorlo Ramdzani B. Abdullah Mohd Kamil Yusoff Ridzwan Abd. Halim Ahmad Husni Mohd. Hanif Walter D. Willms Mahboubeh Ebrahimian 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(10):8649-8658
This study investigates the applicability of multivariate statistical techniques including cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), and factor analysis (FA) for the assessment of seasonal variations in the surface water quality of tropical pastures. The study was carried out in the TPU catchment, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The dataset consisted of 1-year monitoring of 14 parameters at six sampling sites. The CA yielded two groups of similarity between the sampling sites, i.e., less polluted (LP) and moderately polluted (MP) at temporal scale. Fecal coliform (FC), NO3, DO, and pH were significantly related to the stream grouping in the dry season, whereas NH3, BOD, Escherichia coli, and FC were significantly related to the stream grouping in the rainy season. The best predictors for distinguishing clusters in temporal scale were FC, NH3, and E. coli, respectively. FC, E. coli, and BOD with strong positive loadings were introduced as the first varifactors in the dry season which indicates the biological source of variability. EC with a strong positive loading and DO with a strong negative loading were introduced as the first varifactors in the rainy season, which represents the physiochemical source of variability. Multivariate statistical techniques were effective analytical techniques for classification and processing of large datasets of water quality and the identification of major sources of water pollution in tropical pastures. 相似文献
69.
Hafiz Abdullah Shakir Javed Iqbal Qazi Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(12):9705-9715
We assessed the impact of urban effluents on the concentrations of selected minerals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Hg) in river Ravi before and after its passage through Lahore city. Water and sediment samples were collected from three lowly to highly polluted downstream sites (Shahdera (B), Sunder (C), and Balloki (D)) alongside the least polluted upstream site (Siphon (A)) during high and low river flow seasons. All the mineral concentrations increased up to site C but stabilized at site D, showing some recovery as compared to the third sampling site. The trend of mean mineral concentration was significantly higher during the low than the high flow season at all the sites. The mean Hg concentrations approached 0.14 and 0.12 mg/l at site A which increased (%) up to 107 and 25 % at site B, 1,700 and 1,317 % at site C, and 1,185 and 1,177 % at site D during low and high river flows, respectively. All mineral concentrations were much higher in the sediment than the water samples. Mean Cd (917 %), Cr (461 %), Cu (300 %), Fe (254 %), Pb (179 %), Zn (170 %), Mn (723 %), Ni (853 %), and Hg (1,699 %) concentrations were higher in riverbed sediments sampled from site C in comparison with the sample collected at site A during low flow season. The domestic and industrial discharges from Lahore city have created undesirable water qualities during the low river flow season. As majority of the mineral levels in the river Ravi were higher than the permissible and safe levels, this is of immediate concern for riverine fish consumers and the users of water for recreation and even irrigation. The use of these waters may pose health risks, and therefore, urgent intervention strategies are needed to minimize river water pollution and its impact on fish-consuming communities of this study area and beyond. 相似文献
70.
Kinetic adsorption of application of carbon nanotubes for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nassereldeen A Kabbashi Muataz A Atieh Abdullah Al-Mamun Mohamed E S Mirghami MD Z Alam Noorahayu Yahya 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,21(4)
The capability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to adsorb lead (Pb) in aqueous solution was investigated. Batch mode adsorption experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pH, agitation speed, CNTs dosage and contact time. The removal of Pb(II) was reach to maximum value 85% or 83% at pH 5 or 40 mg/L of CNTs, respectively. Higher correlation coefficients from Langmuir isotherm model indicates the strong adsorptions of Pb(II) on the surface of CNTs (adsorption capacity Xm = 102.04 mg/g). From this study, the results indicates that the highest percentage removal of Pb (96.03%) can be achieved at pH 5, 40 mg/L of CNTs, contact time 80 min, and agitation speed 50 r/min. 相似文献