质子化壳聚糖的除磷性能

壳聚糖是一类无毒无害的天然高分子絮凝剂,为了提高壳聚糖在污水处理中的除磷性能,采用硫酸溶液对壳聚糖进行质子化改性;考察了质子化度(硫酸溶液pH值)、吸附时间以及原水pH值对除磷效率的影响。研究结果表明,质子化度越大,总磷去除效率越高;在吸附时间为40～50 min的范围内,总磷去除率最大;原水pH值对质子化壳聚糖的总磷去除效率有明显影响,在质子化度较低时(硫酸溶液pH值≥3),随着原水pH值的增加,总磷去除率降低,在质子化度较高时(硫酸溶液pH值=2),在原水pH=6时,总磷去除率最大;质子化壳聚糖的吸附过程较好地遵循Lagergren准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附热力学参数ΔH<0,ΔG<0,ΔS<0,吸附过程表现为放热、自发的单分子层化学吸附过程。     

水位波动带氮素迁移转化规律

为考察水位波动对非饱和-饱和土层中氮素迁移转化的影响,设计土柱实验装置Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别模拟水位稳定与波动两种情景,测定一个水位波动周期内地下水中NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度变化情况。结果表明,柱Ⅱ水位第1次下降柱内1^#,2^#,3^#,4^#采样点NO₃^--N浓度均增大,增幅分别为6.5%、14.9%、15.33%和19.8%。水位上升时结果相反,分别降低17.3%、26.15%、50.29%和44.61%。第2次水位下降至初始位置4个采样点NO₃^--N浓度再次增大,幅度分别为7.1%、10.6%、13.89%和7.76%。铵态氮呈相反趋势不同程度的变化。水位波动柱Ⅱ连通水槽内总氮量增加显著高于柱I水槽,即水位波动有利于波动带地下水中氮素垂向迁移,加重波动带以下地下水硝酸盐污染。因此,水位波动对氮素迁移转化的影响不容忽视。     

间歇运行式生物滴滤池处理油漆废气中试研究

为研究间歇运行式生物滴滤池对油漆生产厂废气净化能力,建立一座中试规模生物滴滤池（BTF）,接种降解菌群,采用8 h/d运行方式净化某油漆厂包装车间废气,并用PCR-DGGE技术揭示BTF细菌群落结构与工艺运行条件间的联系。油漆厂包装车间废气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）主要为甲苯、乙苯、混合二甲苯（间、对和邻二甲苯）,BTF对甲苯、乙苯、混合二甲苯最大去除率分别为88.8%、83.7%和86.3%。DGGE分析显示,BTF稳定运行时,主要优势菌相对丰度较为稳定（F,P>0.05）,其细菌多样性显著低于启动期（F,P>0.05）;同时,下层填料细菌多样性高于上层填料,其细菌结构变化也较上层明显;另外,提升培养液浓度至2倍和4倍对菌群结构亦无显著影响。     

Dietary uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), occurrence and profiles, in aquacultured turbots (Psetta maxima) from Galicia, Spain

Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the many toxic chemicals present in the environment and in the food we eat every day, being fish one of the main sources of persistent organic pollutants in our diet; like other lipid-related contaminants, they are of concern since they can bioaccumulate and biomagnify through the trophic chain. We published a study focused on the dietary uptake of dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (dl-PCBs) in a set of samples of Spanish farmed turbot (Blanco et al., 2007). In the present paper, we extend the study to PBDEs to provide more information about the uptake and transfer from feed to fish of halogenated contaminants. PBDEs in the feeds (2.35-4.76 ng g(-1)) were reflected in turbot fillets (0.54-2.05 ng g(-1)): predominant congeners were tetra-BDE 47, penta-BDEs 99 and 100. It is remarkable that tetra-BDE 49, accounting for only 2% in the feed, contributed to 15% of total PBDEs in turbot fillets. Dietary net accumulation values, 30-45%, showed that tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-BDEs were as efficiently transferred into turbot as dl-PCBs and tetra- and penta-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. Lipid-normalized biomagnification factors relating concentration in fish and in feed, BMFs>1 were obtained, except for BDE 209. BDE 49 accumulation, 90%, was possibly contributed by metabolism of higher brominated BDEs. Implication in aquaculture management is a need for uncontaminated fish feed to offer safe products.     

TiO2/凹凸棒土复合催化剂的制备及光催化降解活性大红

以凹凸棒土作为载体,以 TiOSO4为钛源,采用超声分散-再沉淀法制备了 TiO2粒径为 10 nm 左右的锐钛矿型 TiO2/凹凸棒土复合催化剂.并采用 X 射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、X 射线能谱仪对复合催化剂进行了表征.制备复合催化剂的最佳条件:凹凸棒土与 TiO2的质量比为 1:3.0,煅烧温度为 450 ℃....     

Solid waste management practices in Turkey

As an economically developing country, Turkey has very well operated integrated solid waste management applications structured on modern facilities, besides over 2,000 scattered open dump areas in the country. Integrated waste management applications seem eligible for the metropolitan cities like Istanbul and Izmit (Kocaeli). Attempts have not been encouraging for the scattered regional settlements using central storage sites due to financial shortages and received rejections from nearby settlements. Small-scale compact solid waste management systems with materials recycling and composting can be more suitable alternatives in the small-scale regional settlements. The major constituents of municipal solid waste are organic in nature and approximately a quarter of municipal solid waste is recyclable. Although paper, including cardboard, is the main constituent, the composition of recyclable waste varies strongly by the source or the type of collection point. Solid wastes need primary treatment in order to be suitable for incineration and composting. Turkey needs to give more emphasis on the usage of modern solid waste removal technologies to overcome the overgrowing solid waste disposal problems.     

复合填料热传导过程数值模拟

复合填料由废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯(EPS)颗粒、水泥和水按一定质量比例混合制成,具有低导热性、抗冻胀和轻质特性。根据热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,将材料视为由大量正方形单元体组成,其中心为一个球形EPS颗粒,这种单元体与总体的导热系数相等。运用AN SY S软件对复合填料单元体的传热过程进行了有限元模拟,根据瞬态法导热系数测试原理,推求不同EPS掺入比情况下的复合填料导热系数,分析EPS颗粒与导热系数的关系,发现材料导热系数随着EPS掺入比的增加而快速降低。将材料导热系数数值模拟与实测结果作比较,发现有限元模拟值与实测值接近,说明采用有限元方法可以实现对材料传热过程的模拟。     

坐在赤裸的土地上哭泣

西让我们坐在赤裸的土地上哭泣捶胸跺足如丧考批为了先祖笔下曾有的参天古木为了往昔丰茂无边的水草让我们坐在城市的水泥路面哭泣纵使我们泪流似海也不会有一滴渗进城市坚硬的地表在这片留不住水的土地上不知人们将如何留下他匆匆的印痕让我们坐在龟裂的河床上哭泣为了永恒千年的芦沟晓月再也无法映着碧波对镜自怜为了母亲再也挤不出甘甜的乳水哺育两岸饥渴的人民让我们坐在赤裸的土地上哭泣让我们坐在每一株无法成活树木旁哭泣假若我的血液能让一裸树苗复活那么就请取走我的全部吧我的自然之母在你宽厚的原野上我只愿能化为一把苍凉的沃土…     

小型环境试验舱的研制及性能研究

自制小型环境试验舱的体积为0．17m^3，用产生甲醛的标准气体方法检验试验舱的稳定性、准确性及精密性。结果表明，试验舱稳定，无吸附，且有95％的精确性。通过测定试验舱内木板中甲醛释放量及释放规律检验试验舱的应用性能，测得甲醛释放规律与文献研究结果一致，表明该试验舱应用性能良好，因此该实验舱可用于检测室内装饰装修材料中污染物质释放量及释放规律的研究。     

可拓法评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性

为了量化煤矿瓦斯爆炸的可能性,并为防治瓦斯爆炸提供量化指标,借鉴可拓学原理,对煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性进行预评估。首先,详细阐述可拓学评估原理;接着,为了验证煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性可拓评估的可行性,结合某一煤矿实例,比选煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性的评价指标,并确定煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性的分类标准,构建煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性评估的经典域、节域和物元;然后,为了避免确定指标权重的人为主观因素的影响,提出用简单关联函数确定指标权重;最后,计算煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性的关联函数值和关联度,确定瓦斯爆炸易发性的等级及其变量特征值。经计算,煤矿爆炸易发性的可拓评估结果为"很小"等级。同时,为了验证可拓评估结果的合理性,将其与模糊评估进行比较,两者所得评估结果相一致。从而表明:将可拓学应用于煤矿瓦斯爆炸易发性评估是合理可行的。