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931.
Takashi Yamamoto Atsushi Ohara Yukio Noma Katsushi Nishizawa Akio Yasuhara Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):188-193
The photodegradation of tetraphenyltin (TePT) contained in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-based transformer oil simulants
by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in alkaline 2-propanol solutions was examined. In the absence of PCBs, the TePT level fell
to below 1% of the initial concentration within 30 min. In the absence of both PCBs and an alkali, the concentrations of tri-,
di-, and monophenyltins initially increased to a few milligrams per liter, and then reduced to below the detection limits
within 90 min. The addition of an alkali to the reaction solution slightly accelerated the photodecomposition of TePT. The
decomposition of other phenyltins (PTs) was also accelerated. When PCBs with concentrations of approximately 80 times the
initial TePT concentration were added, only a small fraction of the TePT decomposed within 100 min. Moreover, the levels of
PTs did not change during irradiation. TePT and other PTs did decompose when the level of PCBs was reduced to the same concentration
as that of TePT; however, the decomposition rates were slower than those in the absence of PCBs. In the actual treatment process,
TePT and other PTs in PCB-based transformer oil are decomposed by catalytic reduction, which is used after UV irradiation.
Therefore, in the actual treatment of PCB-based transformer oil wastes, pollution due to PTs can be prevented. 相似文献
932.
Satoru Fujita Kenzi Suzuki Yasuo Shibasaki Toshiaki Mori 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2002,4(1):70-76
Hydrogarnet was synthesized hydrothermally below 200°C using molten slag obtained from municipal solid waste. For comparison,
it was also synthesized using pure-phase CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, as reported previously. The structural and textural properties of this material were investigated using various analytical
and spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS),
thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
The Cl− fixation ability of hydrogarnet was investigated in the temperature range 500–800°C in a fixed-bed flow reactor using a HCl
concentration (1000 p.p.m.v.) similar to that of incinerator exhaust gas. Under these experimental conditions, the hydrogarnet
was capable of reducing the HCl gas level to less than 1 p.p.m.v. Analysis of the spent catalyst revealed that the hydrogarnet
was being transformed into wadalite and CaCl2 at high temperatures. The elution test for chromium ions in hydrogarnet obtained from slag was also used, and it was found
that chromium ions were not eluted from hydrogarnet.
Received: January 27, 2001 / Accepted: October 11, 2001 相似文献
933.
The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is not only an effective pollinator, but also a potential invasive alien species outside its native range. Recently, nearly
30% of queens of the Japanese native species Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis and B. hypocrita hypocrita were estimated to copulate with B. terrestris males in the field, suggesting that indigenous bumblebees could be genetically deteriorated through hybrid production with
the introduced species. In this study, we evaluated hybrid production between the introduced B. terrestris and the indigenous B. hypocrita sapporoensis under laboratory conditions. The hatching rate of eggs derived from interspecific matings was 0% and 8.6% depending on the
direction of the cross, which was significantly lower than that from intraspecific matings of B. terrestris (76.9%) and B. hypocrita sapporoensis (78.9%). Genetic studies using microsatellite markers revealed that both haploid and diploid individuals were present in
the egg stage, whereas all hatched larvae were haploid. In addition, histological studies revealed that eggs derived from
interspecific matings terminated development 2 days after oviposition. These results strongly suggested that eggs derived
from interspecific matings are inviable due to post-mating isolation mechanisms. Mass release of exotic pollinators could
cause serious population declines of native bumblebee species. 相似文献
934.
Divia P. Sreenivasan A. Sujith C. Rajesh 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(7):2720-2729
Biocomposites of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) reinforced with chicken feather fibre (CF) were prepared using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as vulcanizing agent. Composites with three series of chicken feather fibres were studied i.e., raw (RCF), sterilized (SCF) and alkali treated (ACF). The cure characteristics of composites were studied. The mechanical properties of NBR were found to be improved by the incorporation of chicken feather fibre in all forms. Surface modification of the fibre was done by alkaline treatment to improve the interfacial adhesion and it characterised by FTIR. Better properties are shown by the composites with ACF. The swelling behaviour of the composites in N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and water were analyzed for the swelling coefficient values. The biodegradable characteristics of CF reinforced NBR composites were studied by soil burial test which indicated that it is an eco-friendly and acceptable material. Scanning electron microscopy studies support the results of mechanical properties. The outcome obtained from this study is believed to assist the development of environmentally–friendly composites especially for specific product applications like oil seals, hoses and automobile bushes etc. 相似文献
935.
The habitat experienced during early life-history stages can determine the number and quality of individuals that recruit
to adult populations. In a field experiment, biogenic habitat complexity was manipulated (presence or absence of foliose macroalgae)
at two depths (2–3 m and 5–6 m) and the habitat-dependent effects on recruitment of the black foot abalone (Haliotis iris) were examined at three field sites along the south coast of Wellington, New Zealand (41°20′S, 174°47′E), between July and
November 2005. Recruit density (<5 weeks post-settlement) was measured on cobbles covered with crustose coralline algae. Habitats
of low complexity (barrens treatments) had consistently greater densities of recruits than habitats of high complexity (algae
treatments). However, recruits in algae habitats were larger, and for deep habitats, there was greater survival in algae habitats
compared with barrens habitats. While depth had no significant effect on early recruit (<2 weeks post-settlement) density,
late recruit (<5 weeks post-settlement) density was greater in shallow habitats, and so it seems recruit survival was greater
in shallow habitats. In this experiment, algal habitat complexity had strong effects on early recruit abundance, but habitat-dependent
variations in recruit growth and survival may modify initial patterns of abundance and determine recruitment to adult abalone
populations. 相似文献
936.
Ottesen RT Alexander J Langedal M Haugland T Høygaard E 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(6):623-637
Systematic geochemical mapping based on sampling and analysis of surface soils (0–2 cm) has been carried out in several Norwegian
cities. The soils in the oldest parts of the cities are contaminated with metals (especially Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). Due to the fact that children are often in contact with surface soil, it was realized that special focus had to be
directed towards soils in day-care centers and playgrounds. The first mapping and remedy program was initiated in Trondheim
in 1996. Here, the importance of copper–chromium–arsenic (CCA)-pressure-impregnated wood in playing equipment as a pollution
source for soils was documented, and a process was started with the aim to ban this product. Soils from day-care centers in
the inner city of Bergen were polluted to a degree that required remediation in 45% out of 87 centers, mainly due to high
concentrations of Pb and benzo(a)pyrene. In Oslo, 38% of 700 day-care centers needed remediation due to soil pollution by
Pb, BaP, Cd, Hg, Ni and PCB. Removal of CCA-impregnated wood was necessary in more than half of the day-care centers The Norwegian
parliament has decided to investigate all outdoor playing areas in day-care centers, playgrounds and schoolyards in Norway,
starting in 2007 with day-care centers in the ten largest cities and five most important industrial areas. The Norwegian Institute
of Public Health has developed quality criteria for soils in day-care centers and playgrounds for As, Cd, Cr6+, Hg, Ni, Pb, zinc, PAHsum16, benzo(a)pyrene, and PCBsum7. The Geological Survey of Norway has developed guidance for mapping of soil pollution (sampling, chemical analysis and reporting)
in day-care centers. Especially the sampling strategy has been developed in the period 1996–2007, and the preferred sampling
strategy is to collect at least 10 samples of surface soil (0–2 cm) from (1) “original soil” on the site, (2) artificial man-made
“hills”, and (3) soils used for growing vegetables. A total number of 2,000 day-care-centres are to be investigated, and necessary
remediation should be completed before the end of 2010. 相似文献
937.
David A. Feary 《Marine Biology》2007,153(2):153-161
Ecological theory predicts that habitat generalists are less prone to decline or extinction in response to habitat disturbance
than habitat specialists. One mechanism that may afford habitat generalists greater persistence is their ability to successfully
emigrate from degrading environments. This study compared the response of habitat specialist and generalist reef fish species
to live coral disturbance. In replicate coral colonies, live coral was experimentally degraded (low, medium and high coral
loss). Species continued residence within the colonies was then surveyed over time. In addition, the ability of habitat generalist
and specialist species to migrate between degraded (100% loss) and live coral colonies was compared. Habitat specialists exhibited
a higher propensity to remain in colonies with low levels of coral loss. However, there was no significant difference between
specialist and generalist species in continued residence in habitats with either medium or high levels of coral loss; both
functional groups showed low levels of residence. In terms of migration success, generalists moved further than specialists
and showed higher levels of successful migration over the majority of distances examined. The influence of habitat specialization
on the behavioral response to coral loss may be a useful predictor of changes to coral reef fish communities in response to
coral disturbance. 相似文献
938.
Frédéric Mineur Mark P. Johnson Christine A. Maggs Herre Stegenga 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1299-1307
Hull fouling is thought to have been the vector of introduction for many algal species. We studied ships arriving at a Mediterranean
harbour to clarify the present role of commercial cargo shipping in algal introductions. A total of 31 macroalgal taxa were
identified from 22 sampled hulls. The majority of records (58%) were of species with a known cosmopolitan geographical distribution.
Due to a prevalence of cosmopolitan species and a high turnover of fouling communities, species composition of assemblages
did not appear to be influenced by the area of origin, length of ship or age of coating. In the light of the present results,
hull fouling on standard trading commercial vessels does not seem to pose a significant risk for new macroalgal species introductions.
However, a high proportion of non-cosmopolitan species found on a ship with non-toxic coating may modify this assessment,
especially in the light of the increasing use of such coatings and the potential future changes in shipping routes. 相似文献
939.
Monavari SM Omrani GA Karbassi A Raof FF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):1841-1846
Environment problems associated with the generation of waste are part of societal changes where households play an important
role. These societal changes influence the size, structure and characteristic of given households. For the effective planning
of solid-waste handling infrastructure, it is essential to know the quantity of waste generation and its composition. This
paper presents the findings of a study carried out in an urban municipal area in Iran to determine the household solid-waste
generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related socioeconomic parameters. The dependent
variables were waste generation and composition, and independent variables were family size, family employment, age, number
of room and education. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified random sampling methodology
and from five different socioeconomic groups. Waste collected from all groups of households were segregated and weighted.
Waste generation rate was 5.4 kg/household/day. Household solid waste comprised of ten categories of wastes and with the largest
component (76.9%). The generation and composition of household solid waste were correlated with family size, education level
and households income. This paper adequately suggests new insights concerning the role of socioeconomic parameters in affecting
the generation of household waste. 相似文献
940.
The Role of Abatement Costs in GHG Permit Allocations: A Global Stabilization Scenario Analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kathleen Vaillancourt Richard Loulou Amit Kanudia 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(2):169-179
Our objective is to propose permit allocation schemes that lead to a fair distribution of the net abatement cost among regions
in a global greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization scenario. We use a detailed technology-based energy model, World-MARKAL, to
determine efficient abatement decisions, and to calculate the regional gross abatement costs (before permit allocation and
trading). The net abatement costs are then calculated and used for different permit allocation schemes. 相似文献