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531.
Roberto Delogu Andrea Battistone Gabriele Buttinelli Stefano Fiore Stefano Fontana Concetta Amato Karen Cristiano Sabine Gamper Josef Simeoni Rita Frate Laura Pellegrinelli Sandro Binda Licia Veronesi Roberta Zoni Paolo Castiglia Andrea Cossu Maria Triassi Francesca Pennino Cinzia Germinario Viviana Balena Antonella Cicala Pietro Mercurio Lucia Fiore Carlo Pini Paola Stefanelli 《Food and environmental virology》2018,10(4):333-342
Within the initiatives for poliomyelitis eradication by WHO, Italy activated an environmental surveillance (ES) in 2005. ES complements clinical Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases, detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage, and is used to monitor transmission in communities. In addition to polioviruses, the analyses comprised: (i) the monitoring of the presence of non-polio enteroviruses in sewage samples and (ii) the temporal and geographical distribution of the detected viruses. From 2009 to 2015, 2880 sewage samples were collected from eight cities participating in the surveillance. Overall, 1479 samples resulted positive for enteroviruses. No wild-type polioviruses were found, although four Sabin-like polioviruses were detected. The low degree of mutation found in the genomes of these four isolates suggests that these viruses have had a limited circulation in the population. All non-polio enteroviruses belonged to species B and the most frequent serotype was CV-B5, followed by CV-B4, E-11, E-6, E-7, CV-B3, and CV-B2. Variations in the frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons and/or Italian areas. Environmental surveillance in Italy, as part of the ‘WHO global polio eradication program’, is a powerful tool to augment the polio surveillance and to investigate the silent circulation or the re-emergence of enteroviruses in the population. 相似文献
532.
Francesca Pennino Antonio Nardone Paolo Montuori Sara Aurino Ida Torre Andrea Battistone Roberto Delogu Gabriele Buttinelli Stefano Fiore Concetta Amato Maria Triassi 《Food and environmental virology》2018,10(2):187-192
Human enteroviruses (HEVs) occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters, constituting a major cause of acute waterborne disease worldwide. In this study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Naples, Southern Italy, from January 2010 to December 2014. Influent and effluent samples from the three WWTPs were collected monthly. One hundred and sixty-one of the 731 wastewater samples collected (22.0%) before and after water treatment were CPE positive on RD cells; while no samples were positive on L20B cells from any WWTPs. Among the 140 non-polio enterovirus isolated from inlet sewage, 69.3% were Coxsackieviruses type B and 30.7% were Echoviruses. Among these, CVB3 and CVB5 were most prevalent, followed by CVB4 and Echo6. The twenty-one samples tested after treatment contained 6 CVB4, 5 CVB3, 3 Echo11, and 2 Echo6; while other serotypes were isolated less frequently. Data on viral detection in treated effluents of WWTPs confirmed the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management. 相似文献
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/ Sociologist Robert Bullard challenged the prevailing paradigm of environmentalism as a consensual issue in the United States by developing the concept of environmental racism. As he claims, ethnic minorities have been put "at greater environmental risk" than has the Caucasian majority in most areas of the country. This study of the Tucson metropolitan area examines this proposition by utilizing data from several sources: interviews with elected officials and other opinion leaders, GIS-generated socioeconomic data, articles in the press, and a literature review. We conclude that Bullard's concept has validity for this metropolitan area but that there also exist widely divergent differences of opinion on the subject. We explain why this is so. We further conclude that the allegation of "environmental racism" made by the Hispanic community in the 1980s and 1990s has had a transformative effect on local politics.KEY WORDS: Environment; Racism; Tucson; Garbage dumps; County government; Pollution; Equity; Justice 相似文献
535.
Assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change: comparing segmentation at global and regional scales 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Silvia Torresan Andrea Critto Matteo Dalla Valle Nick Harvey Antonio Marcomini 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):45-65
Recent concerns about potential climate-change effects on coastal systems require the application of vulnerability assessment
tools in order to define suitable adaptation strategies and improve coastal zone management effectiveness. In fact, while
various research efforts were devoted to evaluate coastal vulnerability to climate change on a national to global level, fewer
applications were carried out so far to develop more comprehensive and site-specific vulnerability assessments suitable to
plan possible adaptation measures at the regional scale. In this respect, specific indicators are needed to address climate-change-related
issues for coastal zones and to identify vulnerable areas at the regional level. Two sets of coastal vulnerability indicators
were selected, one for regional and one for global studies, respectively, concerning the same features of coastal systems,
including topography and slope, geomorphological characteristics, presence and distribution of wetlands and vegetation cover,
density of coastal population and number of coastal inhabitants. The proposed set of indicators for the regional scale was
chosen taking into account the availability of environmental and territorial data for the whole coastal area of the Veneto
region and was based on site-specific datasets characterized by a spatial resolution appropriate for a regional analysis.
Moreover, a GIS-based segmentation procedure was applied to divide the coastline into linear segments, homogeneous in terms
of vulnerability to climate change and sea-level rise at the regional scale. This approach allowed to divide the Veneto shoreline
into 140 segments with an average length of about 1 km, while the global scale approach identified four coastal segments with
an average length of about 66 km. The performed comparison indicated how the more detailed approach adopted at the regional
scale is essential to understand and manage the complexities of the specific study area. In fact, the 25-m DEM employed at
the regional scale provided a more accurate differentiation of the coastal area's elevation and thus of coastal susceptibility
to the inundation risks, compared to the 1-km DEM used at the global level. Moreover, at the regional level the use of a 1:20,000
geomorphological map allowed to differentiate the unique landform class detected at the global level (e.g., fluvial plain)
in a variety of more detailed coastal typologies (e.g., open coast eroding sandy shores backed by bedrock) characterized by
a different sensitivity to climate change and sea-level rise. Accordingly, the information provided by regional indicators
can support decision-makers in improving the management of coastal resources by considering the potential impacts of climate
change and in the definition of appropriate actions to reduce inundation risks, to avoid the potential loss of valuable wetlands
and vegetation and to plan the nourishment of sandy beaches subject to erosion processes. 相似文献
536.
Male mosquitofish are very persistent in their sexual activity and harass any female they encounter. Gravid females pay a
large tribute to this intense male sexual activity in terms of reduced foraging efficiency. Previous observations have demonstrated
that gravid females, when chased by a male, dilute male harassment by moving closer to other females to form shoals. They
also approach other males to promote male competition, and when males differ in size, they preferentially target large males,
whose harassment is less intense. In this study, we tested whether the modulation of females’ social preferences in response
to male harassment is innate or learned. We tested social preference in three groups of females that differed in experience
of sexual harassment and in the factors affecting it. Females of the first group were reared without any sexual experience,
and pregnancy was induced through artificial insemination. The second group was composed of naive females kept singly with
a male; these females experienced sexual harassment but were prevented from experiencing the effects of male–male competition
and shoaling on the amount of male sexual harassment. In the third group (controls), females were reared in multi-male, multi-female
groups and could experience the modulating effects of social interactions on sexual harassment. When exposed to a harassing
male, females of the three groups immediately reduced their distance from another female, approached a group of males or moved
toward the larger of two available males. Moreover, the results for these three groups of females were similar to those obtained
in wild-caught females that were tested in the same three tests in a previous study (Dadda et al. An. Behav., 70:463–471, 2005). This suggests that the strategies adopted by females in response to male sexual harassment do not need to be learned through
specific experience of the social contexts. 相似文献
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Aishwarya Arjunan Holly Bellerose Raul Torres Rotem Ben-Shachar Jodi D. Hoffman Brad Angle Robert Nathan Slotnick Brittany N. Simpson Andrea M. Lewis Pilar L. Magoulas Kelly Bontempo Jeanine Schulze Jennifer Tarpinian Jessica A. Bucher Richard Dineen Allison Goetsch Gabriel A. Lazarin Katherine Johansen Taber 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(10):1246-1257