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311.
Anne Portman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2018,31(4):455-466
Food sovereignty asserts the right of peoples to define and organize their own agricultural and food systems so as to meet local needs and so as to secure access to land, water and seed. A commitment to gender equity has been embedded in the food sovereignty concept from its earliest articulations. Some might wonder why gender justice should figure so prominently in a food movement. In this paper I review and augment the arguments for making gender equity a central component of food sovereignty. The most common argument is: if women constitute the majority of the world’s food producers, then agricultural policy is a women’s issue. And insofar as patriarchal social relations continue to dominate the globe, then changing agricultural policies will require explicit attention to gender injustice. I suggest that this is a good argument, but that an ecological feminist perspective can provide additional theoretical reasons for maintaining the centrality of gender justice in food sovereignty discourse. Moreover, ecological feminism can provide a robust theoretical framework that coheres a concept and movement with a wide set of concerns. My critique positions food sovereignty’s call to social justice as embedded in a truly radical re-thinking of dominant conceptual frameworks, and re-envisioning of political and ethical relations. 相似文献
312.
Carol P. Harden Anne Chin Mary R. English Rong Fu Kathleen A. Galvin Andrea K. Gerlak Patricia F. McDowell Dylan E. McNamara Jeffrey M. Peterson N. LeRoy Poff Eugene A. Rosa William D. Solecki Ellen E. Wohl 《Environmental management》2014,53(1):4-13
This article summarizes the primary outcomes of an interdisciplinary workshop in 2010, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation, focused on developing key questions and integrative themes for advancing the science of human–landscape systems. The workshop was a response to a grand challenge identified recently by the U.S. National Research Council (2010a)—“How will Earth’s surface evolve in the “Anthropocene?”—suggesting that new theories and methodological approaches are needed to tackle increasingly complex human–landscape interactions in the new era. A new science of human–landscape systems recognizes the interdependence of hydro-geomorphological, ecological, and human processes and functions. Advances within a range of disciplines spanning the physical, biological, and social sciences are therefore needed to contribute toward interdisciplinary research that lies at the heart of the science. Four integrative research themes were identified—thresholds/tipping points, time scales and time lags, spatial scales and boundaries, and feedback loops—serving as potential focal points around which theory can be built for human–landscape systems. Implementing the integrative themes requires that the research communities: (1) establish common metrics to describe and quantify human, biological, and geomorphological systems; (2) develop new ways to integrate diverse data and methods; and (3) focus on synthesis, generalization, and meta-analyses, as individual case studies continue to accumulate. Challenges to meeting these needs center on effective communication and collaboration across diverse disciplines spanning the natural and social scientific divide. Creating venues and mechanisms for sustained focused interdisciplinary collaborations, such as synthesis centers, becomes extraordinarily important for advancing the science. 相似文献
313.
Alecia J. Carter Olivier Pays Anne W. Goldizen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,64(2):237-245
The mean vigilance of animals in a group often decreases as their group size increases, yet nothing is known about whether
there is individual variability in this relationship in species that change group sizes frequently, such as those that exhibit
fission–fusion social systems. We investigated variability in the relationship between group size and vigilance in the eastern
grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) by testing whether all individuals showed decreased vigilance with increased group size, as has been commonly assumed. We
carried out both behavioural observations of entire groups of kangaroos and focal observations of individually recognised
wild female kangaroos. As in other studies, we found a collective group-size effect on vigilance; however, individuals varied
in their vigilance patterns. The majority (57%) of the identified individual kangaroos did not show significant group-size
effects for any of the recorded measures of vigilance. The females that did not show a negative group-size effect were, on
average, more vigilant than those females that did show a group-size effect, but this difference was not significant. We propose
that some females exhibit higher levels of social vigilance than others, and that this social vigilance increases with group
size, cancelling out any group-size effect on anti-predator vigilance for those females. Our results therefore suggest that
only some prey individuals may gain anti-predator benefits by reducing their time spent scanning when in larger groups. The
large amount of variation that we found in the vigilance behaviour of individual kangaroos highlights the importance of collecting
and analysing vigilance data at the individual level, which requires individual recognition. 相似文献
314.
Catherine A. Hyland Glenn J. Gardener Helen O'Brien Glenda Millard Kristen Gibbons Anne Tremellen Gorka Ochoa-Garay Robert L. Flower Jonathan A. Hyett 《黑龙江环境通报》2014,34(1):56-62
本文笔者通过回顾历史上优秀的师德观,明确加强新时期师德建设的意义;分析现阶段师德面临的新问题,探讨应如何正视和解决这些问题,以加强新时期师德建设。 相似文献
315.
316.
317.
The Estonian coastal waters serve as the south-eastern boundary of the regular distribution of the grey (Halichoerus grypus and ringed Phoca hispida) seal in the Baltic Sea. During the annual molt period in May–June (in the Estonian coastal waters), the stock size is estimated to be 1200–1500 grey seal individuals – that is, roughly 25% of the whole Baltic population. If we compare the chlororganic contents of seals in different areas the Baltic Sea, we can see that the northern part of the Gulf of Riga and Väinameri Sea is the reference area of the Baltic Sea. 相似文献
318.
319.
Cheryl M. E. McCrindle Marianna Siegmund-Schultze Alexander W. Heeb Anne Valle Zárate Shashi Ramrajh 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2013,15(5):1245-1257
Game harvesting in South Africa generally leaves behind edible by-products, which could be a low-cost source of protein for poor people in rural areas. Seven professional and nine recreational hunters were interviewed, a game harvest and trophy hunt attended and literature reviewed, in order to describe the food value chain for game and ways in which edible by-products could be legally channelled into the human food chain, rather than being left in the field for scavengers. Practices of informal vendors (n = 51) were assessed using structured interviews, observation and microbiological analysis. In an experiment, inspected game by-products (shinbones from impala and springbok) were provided to eight informal traders for cooking at an informal market and microbiological analysis was done before and after preparation. The results showed that providing edible by-products to poor consumers appears to be culturally acceptable, affordable, accessible and safe. A crossover from formal to informal marketing is recommended as it would enhance traceability and safety of the product and minimise the risk of poaching. It is suggested that methods should be developed which make the distribution of edible by-products to vulnerable rural communities feasible. 相似文献
320.
Michele Jeanette Sanders Laura Miller Shonil A. Bhagwat Jesse Marije Anne van der Grient Alex David Rogers 《Conservation biology》2020,34(1):113-124
A key obstacle to conservation success is the tendency of conservation professionals to tackle each challenge individually rather than collectively and in context. We sought to prioritize barriers to conservation previously described in the conservation literature. We undertook an online survey of 154 practitioners from over 70 countries to ascertain the most important barriers to conservation they faced. We used statistical analyses to identify the key impediments to conservation success and to examine whether these were affected by organizational attributes. Twenty-one barriers were identified. The importance ascribed to those was influenced by continent of operation and organization size, but not by organization age or autonomy (from larger parent organizations). We found the most important barriers to consider when undertaking conservation action were wider issues (e.g., population growth, consumerism, favoring development, and industrial-scale activity), operating environment (e.g., lack of political will, ineffective law enforcement, weak governments, corruption, safety and security), community attributes (e.g., dynamics, conflicts, and education levels), and the way conservation is undertaken (overconfidence, lack of funding, and externally set agendas). However, we advise against applying a one-size-fits-all approach. We propose that conservationists account for the complex socioecological systems they operate in if they are to achieve success. 相似文献