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J. Lewtas R.L. Bradow R.H. Jungers B.D. Harris R.B. Zweidinger K.M. Cushing B.E. Gill R.E. Albert 《Environment international》1981,5(4-6)
A major diesel emissions research program has been initiated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to assess the human health risk associated with increased use of diesel automobiles. This program is intended to establish the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of complex organics associated with diesel particles as well as comparative particle-bound organics from other environmental emissions for which human epidemiological data are available. The mobile source samples selected for this study were collected from a heavy-duty diesel engine, a series of light-duty diesel passenger cars, and a gasoline catalyst automobile. The comparative source samples incorporated into the study were cigarette smoke condensate, coke oven emissions, roofing tar emissions, and benzo(a)pyrene. The samples were tested using three mutagenic assays and four carcinogenic assays as prescribed by a test matrix. This report describes the study design, particle generation, and sample collection and preparation. A brief summary of the bioassays is also included. 相似文献
955.
R. Goodland M. Ismail F. Strum David Walker Lupton Marc Jay Rogoff William Erich Cline David E. Goldenberg James C. Starbuck Lee S. Tesdell Anthony G. White John F. Schnell Richard S. Krannich Nan C. Burg Frederick Frankena Meredith Kirkpatrick U. G. Yermakov V. L. Mote C. ZumBrunnen T. B. Denisova V. L. Rauner P. P. Micklin G. L. Rutilevskiy 《Environmental management》1978,2(5):473-476
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ABSTRACT: A review of literature pertaining to the relative rates of evaporation from vegetation covered and open water bodies is presented. The review indicates that the only reliable experiments capable of correctly addressing this question are those conducted in situ. Experiments of this nature show the ratio of vegetation covered (swamp) evaporation to open water evaporation to generally be less than unity over extensive surfaces and to only approach unity for vegetation that is young and vigorous. Recent experimental evidence presented within a theoretical context, however, indicates that even in the latter situation the ratio may never reach unity. Consequently, over large lakes and reservoirs, the presence of vegetation may actually be a water conservation mechanism, with the eradication of the vegetation leading to significantly increased evaporative water losses. 相似文献
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Seventy-five samples of the crustacean fauna associated with the coral Madracis mirabilis (Duchassaing and Michelotti) were obtained at five sites along the west coast of Barbados in 1985. Samples were analyzed to determine whether any community response to eutrophication was evident. Ordination (multidimensional scaling) and classification (group average clustering) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measures separated the fauna of highly eutrophied sites from those that were less eutrophied. Dominance plots based on relative abundance and log-normal plotting methods were ineffective in distinguishing the fauna of eutrophied sites. The crustacean fauna responded to eutrophication mainly by reduction of density of animals. No differences in species richness, number of site endemic species or rare species were observed between highly eutrophied and less eutrophied sites. Nine indicator species of eutrophy were identified on the basis of strong density differences between sites. 相似文献
960.
This commentary reviews current and past vehicle interlock programs for impaired driving offenders with a focus on the challenges that courts and motor vehicle departments face in attempting to implement mandatory programs as required by current federal legislation. There are few offenders in interlock programs compared to the large number of impaired drivers arrested each year. This suggests that, to increase participation, courts will have to threaten more severe sanctions for those offenders who reject interlock programs. A combination of electronic house arrest with interlock programs is suggested as a method of maximizing interlock use. 相似文献