Digital technology and human development: A charter for nature conservation

The application of digital technology in conservation holds much potential for advancing the understanding of, and facilitating interaction with, the natural world. In other sectors, digital technology has long been used to engage communities and share information. Human development—which holds parallels with the nature conservation sector—has seen a proliferation of innovation in technological development. Throughout this Perspective, we consider what nature conservation can learn from the introduction of digital technology in human development. From this, we derive a charter to be used before and throughout project development, in order to help reduce replication and failure of digital innovation in nature conservation projects. We argue that the proposed charter will promote collaboration with the development of digital tools and ensure that nature conservation projects progress appropriately with the development of new digital technologies.     

基于海外耕地投资的中国粮食供给安全研究

海外耕地投资是中国企业走出去,参与国际投资合作,获取耕地资源的重要手段。海外耕地投资能够通过国际合作和粮食进口,增加中国粮食供给,对国内粮食市场产生重大影响。基于柯布道格拉斯生产函数模型,对粮食播种面积、粮食成灾面积、农业机械总动力、农村用电量、粮食生产劳动力人数、有效灌溉面积、农业产品生产价格指数、农膜施用量、化肥施用折纯量、农药施用量等10个因素进行模型参数筛选,拟合中国粮食总产量关于粮食产量影响因子的函数关系,测算中国国内粮食生产总量;同时通过时间序列数据拟合出口粮、工业用粮、饲粮、种子粮以及粮食损耗的函数模型,测算中国国内粮食需求总量;在此基础上,通过情景分析法模拟不同情景下,中国在海外生产的粮食进入中国市场的比例,并以此作为影响中国粮食总产量的因子之一,构建关于中国粮食总供给的函数模型,分别测算不同情境中海外耕地投资生产的粮食对中国粮食供给安全的影响程度。研究结果表明,悲观情景和一般情境中,海外耕地投资生产的粮食对中国粮食安全的影响并不显著,乐观情境中中国海外耕地投资对中国粮食安全产生显著影响。进一步研究表明,当海外耕地投资粮食进口率超过75.3%时,海外耕地投资会对中国粮食供给安全产生显著影响。研究结论和建议:目前中国海外耕地投资对中国粮食安全的影响并不显著;中国的海外耕地投资能够直接或间接增加中国粮食供给,并且供给量显著提高,存在提高中国粮食供给率,保障国家粮食安全的巨大潜力,决策部门需要重视海外耕地投资,引导海外耕地投资良性发展。     

应对气候变化的林业行动及其对就业的影响

当前,气候变化、可持续发展和就业问题备受世人瞩目。本文首先概述了气候变化、森林、林业与就业的相关关系;阐述了中国应对气候变化的主要林业行动框架,归纳出林业碳增汇、碳贮存和碳替代是林业应对气候变化的三种主要方式;并介绍了中国积极实施天然林保护工程、退耕还林等林业重点工程,大力发展碳汇林业和能源林业的具体实践;进而定性分析了中国林业重点行动对就业的正负面影响,并以广西碳汇试点项目为例加以佐证,最后阐明了中国林业发展及就业的潜力。研究结果表明,林业通过碳增汇、碳贮存和碳替代三种主要途径和系列行动,为减缓和适应全球气候变化做出了积极的贡献;应对气候变化的造林绿化等一系列林业行动对就业产生了积极的影响;此外,我国未来林业用地开发利用潜力、物种资源利用潜力和林业产业开发潜力巨大,由此创造的就业潜力也十分可观。因此,在当前全球气候变暖和经济衰退的双重压力下,加大林业领域投资,大力增加森林碳汇,并促进林业绿色就业具有重要的战略意义。     

Use of amendments to reduce leaching loss of phosphorus and other nutrients from a sandy soil in Florida

Goal, Scope and Background Transport of P from agricultural land contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. Soil amendment is considered one of the best management practices (BMPs) to reduce P loss from sandy soils. Laboratory column leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different soil amendments in reducing P leaching from a typical sandy soil in Florida. Methods The tested amendments were CaCl₂, CaCO₃, Al(OH)₃, cellulose, and mill mud, and applied at the rate of 15 g/kg for a single amendment and each 7.5 g/kg if two amendments were combined. Leaching was conducted every four days for 32 days, 250 mL of deionized water being leached for each column per leaching event. Leachates were collected from each leaching event and analyzed for reactive P, PO₄-P, and macro and micro-elements. Results and Discussion Except for the soils amended with CaCl₂, or CaCl₂+CaCO₃, reactive P and PO₄-P leaching losses mainly occurred in the first three leaching events. Phosphorus leaching from the soils amended with CaCl₂ or CaCl₂+CaCO₃ was less but more persistent than that of other amendments. Reactive Pleaching loss was reduced by 36.0% and 40.4% for the amendments of CaCl₂, and CaCl₂+CaCO₃, respectively, as compared with chemical fertilizer alone, and the corresponding values for PO₄-P were 70.8% and 71.9%. The concentrations of K, Mg, Cu, and Fe in leachate were also decreased by CaCl₂ or CaCl₂+CaCO₃ amendment. Among the seven amendments, CaCl₂, CaCO₃, or their combination were most effective in reducing P leaching from the sandy soil, followed by cellulose and Al(OH)₃, the effects of mill mud and mill mud + Al(OH)₃ were marginal. Conclusions These results indicate that the use of CaCl₂, CaCO₃, or their combination can significantly reduce P leaching from sandy soil, and should be considered in the development of BMPs for the sandy soil regions. Recommendations and Outlook Most agricultural soils in south Florida are very sandy with minimal holding capacities for moisture and nutrients. Repeated application of fertilizer is necessary to sustain desired yield of crops on these soils. However, eutrophication of fresh water systems in this area has been increasingly concerned by the public. Losses of P from agricultural fields by means of leaching and surface runoff are suspected as one of the important non-point contamination sources. The benefits and effectiveness of soil amendment in reducing P losses from cropping production systems while sustaining desired crop yield need to be demonstrated. Calcium chloride, CaCO₃, or their combination significantly reduce Pleaching from sandy soil, and should be considered in the development of BMPs for the sandy soil regions.     

Verification of the "first flush" phenomenon in mine water from coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland

Case studies of Grodziec and Siersza mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin confirm that mine water accumulating in and over-flowing from abandoned coal mines is subject to a "first flush" phenomenon. The accumulated products of sulphide oxidation are dissolved in the rising mine water and flushed out at concentrations several times those observed during mine operation. Following the first overflow, sulphate concentration and hydrogen ion activity decay exponentially. In the case of workings in Siersza, decay constants of -0.003 to -0.005 day(-1) are observed, corresponding to flushing times of 480 to 820 days, some 10-20 times the period required for the workings to flood. Quantities of leachable sulphur in the abandoned workings of 0.02-0.03% are adequate to explain the observed concentrations of sulphate in the first flush, and this figure is tentatively supported by laboratory analyses.     

医院用汞对市政污水中汞的贡献

对经市政管网排入高碑店污水处理厂的医疗行业污水进行汞来源的调查研究.根据抽样定律确定了医院采样点的数量和位置,利用原子荧光光度计测定采样点的汞含量,并根据采样点的排水量计算采样点的汞排放量.利用线性回归的方法建立汞排放量与医院床位数和门诊量的线性模型.结果表明:高碑店流域医疗行业汞排放总量为58.27 g/d,对高碑店污水处理厂进水汞的贡献率为5.48%,表明医疗行业对于高碑店污水处理厂进水汞的贡献并不是主要因素,要进行市政污水中汞来源的全面调查,必须对其他行业进行深入研究.对医院行业污水汞的减排提出了对策和建议.      

吸入甲醛引起的小鼠肺部GSNO还原酶基因转录上调

为了验证吸入甲醛及气道氧化还原状态变化可在转录水平调控GSNOR表达,研究了甲醛环境暴露和抗氧化剂α-硫辛酸对小鼠肺中GSNOR表达的影响.以昆明系小鼠为实验材料,经吸人甲醛染毒和α-硫辛酸注射后立即脱颈处死,取其肺组织提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR二步法将其中GSNOR及管家基因β-actin扩增后,通过光密度分析染毒前后基因转录水平的变化.实验结果表明,与对照组相比,3.0 mg·m-3浓度的甲醛可使GSNOR基因转录发生显著上调(P＜0.01),而α-硫辛酸的注射可拮抗这种上调作用,表明吸入甲醛可在转录水平诱导GSNOR表达上调,而且这种上调与肺部的氧化还原状态改变有关,这可能是GSNOR在气道表达及其在哮喘发生中的作用基础.     

云南省抚仙湖流域帽天山磷矿区磷流失过程模拟研究

通过批平衡实验和土柱淋溶实验,模拟在环境因子(pH值、降雨频度)的影响下,磷矿石、废土石和废渣中磷的释放规律.结果表明,磷石膏和泥磷中磷的释放受pH值的影响较小,维持较为恒定的高释放量.磷矿石、矿坑沉积物和废土石中磷的解吸受pH值影响,pH值愈低,愈有利于磷的释放;当解吸溶液pH值为3.50时,废土石和磷矿石中磷的释放量仍可达到2.25 mg·l-1和3.15 mg·l-1.间歇淋溶过程促进了磷矿石、废土石和磷石膏中磷的释放,对废土石中磷的释放作用尤为显著,干燥后再次降雨的释放量比初期降雨高出3倍.帽天山磷矿区大面积裸露的磷矿石剖面、废土石堆场和废渣堆场在酸性溶液的淋溶作用下能够产生大量的磷流失,而且这个过程是持久的,是抚仙湖水质下降的主要因素.     

Oceanic variability and coastal topography shape genetic structure in a long-dispersing sea urchin

Understanding the scale of marine population connectivity is critical for the conservation and sustainable management of marine resources. For many marine species adults are benthic and relatively immobile, so patterns of larval dispersal and recruitment provide the key to understanding marine population connectivity. Contrary to previous expectations, recent studies have often detected unexpectedly low dispersal and fine-scale population structure in the sea, leading to a paradigm shift in how marine systems are viewed. Nonetheless, the link between fine-scale marine population structure and the underlying physical and biological processes has not been made. Here we show that patterns of genetic structure and population connectivity in the broadcast-spawning and long-distance dispersing sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii are influenced by physical oceanographic and geographic variables. Despite weak genetic differentiation and no isolation-by-distance over thousands of kilometers among samples from eastern Australia and northern New Zealand, fine-scale genetic structure was associated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability and geography along the southeastern Australian coast. The zone of high SST variability is characterized by periodic shedding of eddies from the East Australian Current, and we suggest that ocean current circulation may, through its influence on larval transport and recruitment, interact with the genetic consequences of large variance in individual reproductive success to generate patterns of fine-scale patchy genetic structure. If proven consistent across species, our findings suggest that the optimal scale for fisheries management and reserve design should vary among localities in relation to regional oceanographic variability and coastal geography.     

滇池典型湖湾沉积物氮磷化学特性及疏浚层推算

以滇池围湖试验区海东湾和马村湾的沉积物为研究对象,对沉积物柱状样按每3cm分层,测试有机质、总磷及赋存形态磷(包括不稳定性磷、铁铝结合态磷、钙结合态磷、残渣磷)、总氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和氨氮等指标.结果表明:近些年来,2湾遭受的氮、磷内源负荷比以前大;铁铝结合态磷在磷的各形态中含量最高,氨氮所占总氮的比例较其它湖泊偏低;也发现海东湾和马村湾这2个湖湾在9～12cm层总磷、总氮呈现污染减轻的趋势,同时在24～39cm的深度上,总磷、总氮指标再次出现转折,考虑可行性和经济制约,24～39cm处可作为疏浚层厚度.