甲醛致DNA-蛋白质交联作用及其修复的研究

为了探讨甲醛致生物机体DNA-蛋白质交联作用及其修复能力,以昆明纯系小鼠和人肝癌细胞系HepG2为实验材料分别进行体内和体外实验,采用KCl-SDS沉淀法来检测甲醛染毒后小鼠肝细胞和HepG2细胞中DNA-蛋白质交联的含量及其修复效果.体内实验结果表明,低浓度的气态甲醛(0.5 mg·m-3)不能引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,较高浓度的甲醛(1.0 mg·m-3,3.0 mg·m-3,p＜0.01)可以产生明显的DNA-蛋白质交联作用;由3.0 mg·m-3浓度的气态甲醛产生的DNA-蛋白质交联在12h内可以得到明显的修复,并在24 h内恢复到空白对照水平.体外实验结果表明,经低浓度液态甲醛(25 μmol·L-1和50μmol·L-1)处理后,HepG2细胞内的DPC系数虽然稍有变化,但是与空白对照组相比较无显著差异,而当甲醛浓度上升至75 μmol·L-1及以上时,细胞中的DPC系数出现了极显著上升(p＜0.01);采用75 μmol·L-1甲醛染毒HepG2细胞,在染毒18h和24 h后,细胞内的DPC水平较染毒结束时发生了极显著的下降(p＜0.01),且与空白对照组相比无显著差异.以上结果显示,低浓度的甲醛不能引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,较高浓度的甲醛可以引起明显的DNA-蛋白质的交联作用,且甲醛所致的DNA-蛋白质交联在体内修复比体外修复所需时间要短.     

Verification of the "first flush" phenomenon in mine water from coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland

Case studies of Grodziec and Siersza mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin confirm that mine water accumulating in and over-flowing from abandoned coal mines is subject to a "first flush" phenomenon. The accumulated products of sulphide oxidation are dissolved in the rising mine water and flushed out at concentrations several times those observed during mine operation. Following the first overflow, sulphate concentration and hydrogen ion activity decay exponentially. In the case of workings in Siersza, decay constants of -0.003 to -0.005 day(-1) are observed, corresponding to flushing times of 480 to 820 days, some 10-20 times the period required for the workings to flood. Quantities of leachable sulphur in the abandoned workings of 0.02-0.03% are adequate to explain the observed concentrations of sulphate in the first flush, and this figure is tentatively supported by laboratory analyses.     

Use of amendments to reduce leaching loss of phosphorus and other nutrients from a sandy soil in Florida

Goal, Scope and Background Transport of P from agricultural land contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. Soil amendment is considered one of the best management practices (BMPs) to reduce P loss from sandy soils. Laboratory column leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different soil amendments in reducing P leaching from a typical sandy soil in Florida. Methods The tested amendments were CaCl₂, CaCO₃, Al(OH)₃, cellulose, and mill mud, and applied at the rate of 15 g/kg for a single amendment and each 7.5 g/kg if two amendments were combined. Leaching was conducted every four days for 32 days, 250 mL of deionized water being leached for each column per leaching event. Leachates were collected from each leaching event and analyzed for reactive P, PO₄-P, and macro and micro-elements. Results and Discussion Except for the soils amended with CaCl₂, or CaCl₂+CaCO₃, reactive P and PO₄-P leaching losses mainly occurred in the first three leaching events. Phosphorus leaching from the soils amended with CaCl₂ or CaCl₂+CaCO₃ was less but more persistent than that of other amendments. Reactive Pleaching loss was reduced by 36.0% and 40.4% for the amendments of CaCl₂, and CaCl₂+CaCO₃, respectively, as compared with chemical fertilizer alone, and the corresponding values for PO₄-P were 70.8% and 71.9%. The concentrations of K, Mg, Cu, and Fe in leachate were also decreased by CaCl₂ or CaCl₂+CaCO₃ amendment. Among the seven amendments, CaCl₂, CaCO₃, or their combination were most effective in reducing P leaching from the sandy soil, followed by cellulose and Al(OH)₃, the effects of mill mud and mill mud + Al(OH)₃ were marginal. Conclusions These results indicate that the use of CaCl₂, CaCO₃, or their combination can significantly reduce P leaching from sandy soil, and should be considered in the development of BMPs for the sandy soil regions. Recommendations and Outlook Most agricultural soils in south Florida are very sandy with minimal holding capacities for moisture and nutrients. Repeated application of fertilizer is necessary to sustain desired yield of crops on these soils. However, eutrophication of fresh water systems in this area has been increasingly concerned by the public. Losses of P from agricultural fields by means of leaching and surface runoff are suspected as one of the important non-point contamination sources. The benefits and effectiveness of soil amendment in reducing P losses from cropping production systems while sustaining desired crop yield need to be demonstrated. Calcium chloride, CaCO₃, or their combination significantly reduce Pleaching from sandy soil, and should be considered in the development of BMPs for the sandy soil regions.     

云南省抚仙湖流域帽天山磷矿区磷流失过程模拟研究

通过批平衡实验和土柱淋溶实验,模拟在环境因子(pH值、降雨频度)的影响下,磷矿石、废土石和废渣中磷的释放规律.结果表明,磷石膏和泥磷中磷的释放受pH值的影响较小,维持较为恒定的高释放量.磷矿石、矿坑沉积物和废土石中磷的解吸受pH值影响,pH值愈低,愈有利于磷的释放;当解吸溶液pH值为3.50时,废土石和磷矿石中磷的释放量仍可达到2.25 mg·l-1和3.15 mg·l-1.间歇淋溶过程促进了磷矿石、废土石和磷石膏中磷的释放,对废土石中磷的释放作用尤为显著,干燥后再次降雨的释放量比初期降雨高出3倍.帽天山磷矿区大面积裸露的磷矿石剖面、废土石堆场和废渣堆场在酸性溶液的淋溶作用下能够产生大量的磷流失,而且这个过程是持久的,是抚仙湖水质下降的主要因素.     

医院用汞对市政污水中汞的贡献

对经市政管网排入高碑店污水处理厂的医疗行业污水进行汞来源的调查研究.根据抽样定律确定了医院采样点的数量和位置,利用原子荧光光度计测定采样点的汞含量,并根据采样点的排水量计算采样点的汞排放量.利用线性回归的方法建立汞排放量与医院床位数和门诊量的线性模型.结果表明:高碑店流域医疗行业汞排放总量为58.27 g/d,对高碑店污水处理厂进水汞的贡献率为5.48%,表明医疗行业对于高碑店污水处理厂进水汞的贡献并不是主要因素,要进行市政污水中汞来源的全面调查,必须对其他行业进行深入研究.对医院行业污水汞的减排提出了对策和建议.      

吸入甲醛引起的小鼠肺部GSNO还原酶基因转录上调

为了验证吸入甲醛及气道氧化还原状态变化可在转录水平调控GSNOR表达,研究了甲醛环境暴露和抗氧化剂α-硫辛酸对小鼠肺中GSNOR表达的影响.以昆明系小鼠为实验材料,经吸人甲醛染毒和α-硫辛酸注射后立即脱颈处死,取其肺组织提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR二步法将其中GSNOR及管家基因β-actin扩增后,通过光密度分析染毒前后基因转录水平的变化.实验结果表明,与对照组相比,3.0 mg·m-3浓度的甲醛可使GSNOR基因转录发生显著上调(P＜0.01),而α-硫辛酸的注射可拮抗这种上调作用,表明吸入甲醛可在转录水平诱导GSNOR表达上调,而且这种上调与肺部的氧化还原状态改变有关,这可能是GSNOR在气道表达及其在哮喘发生中的作用基础.     

铁-镧/壳聚糖复合材料在宽域pH范围内高效去除废水中的砷酸盐

采用原位沉淀方法制备了一种具有网格结构的铁-镧/壳聚糖微球(FLCB),该吸附剂可在较宽的pH范围内高效吸附砷酸盐.与壳聚糖微球(CB)相比,铁和镧离子的加入扩大了吸附剂的pH耐受范围.当pH=10时,其对砷酸盐的吸附效率高达80%.Fe—O键和La—O键的加入增加了FLCB的总正电荷密度,在一定程度上提高了FLCB的吸附容量.拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线(Qmax=105.01 mg·g^-1)可以更好地描述吸附过程.FLCB在砷酸盐上的吸附机理为：双齿双核或单齿单核形成的表面络合物占主导地位,吸附剂与砷酸盐的静电吸引占次要地位.     

钢筋砼支撑梁爆破拆除新技术及应用∗

复杂环境下深基坑钢筋混凝土支撑梁的安全、高效拆除是城市建设过程中极为关键的环节。基于箍筋对支撑梁侧向约束作用机制的理论分析,揭示解除箍筋侧向约束效应前后梁内砼单元应力状态的演变规律及对支撑梁爆破效果的影响,并研发新的支撑梁线性切割预处理方法、布孔方法及其毫秒延时起爆网路,形成较为系统的支撑梁爆破拆除技术。工程应用结果表明,支撑梁线性切割预处理方法可显著增强拆除效果;多向协同布孔法可改善爆炸能量耦合状态,减小爆破飞石危害;基于爆破网路连接单元的毫秒延时起爆网路可有效控制振动强度,提高网路可靠性。     

Digital technology and human development: A charter for nature conservation

The application of digital technology in conservation holds much potential for advancing the understanding of, and facilitating interaction with, the natural world. In other sectors, digital technology has long been used to engage communities and share information. Human development—which holds parallels with the nature conservation sector—has seen a proliferation of innovation in technological development. Throughout this Perspective, we consider what nature conservation can learn from the introduction of digital technology in human development. From this, we derive a charter to be used before and throughout project development, in order to help reduce replication and failure of digital innovation in nature conservation projects. We argue that the proposed charter will promote collaboration with the development of digital tools and ensure that nature conservation projects progress appropriately with the development of new digital technologies.     

玉米和黄豆对酸性土壤中石油的去除效果

通过室外盆栽试验,比较了玉米(Zea mays)和黄豆(Glycine max)2种植物对酸性土壤中石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明,2种植物对土壤中石油具有良好的耐受性和去除效果。玉米和黄豆对石油烃的去除率分别可达38.41%～64.30%和34.24%～63.96%,而自然条件下石油去除率仅为23.77%～58.43%。聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)图谱分析结果显示,当w(石油)为0～17 295 mg.kg-1时,土壤微生物群落的丰度和多样性大致随着w(石油)的升高而呈下降趋势,植物根系能够选择性地促进根际微生物的增殖,且玉米根系的作用比黄豆明显。