The dispositional approach to job satisfaction: more than a mirage,but not yet an oasis

This paper readdresses the person–situation debate in organizational research. The well‐known arguments of Davis‐Blake and Pfeffer (1989) are evaluated in light of research and theory that has transpired since the publication of their original critique. A new dispositional model of job satisfaction is then proposed. The model is based on several informational and action steps including exposure to work events and condition, as well as the evaluation, memory, retrieval, and expression of affect in the organizational context. Using this model, we discuss how dispositional affect can influence what is experienced in the workplace, how one evaluates it, and how it is expressed to others, including organizational researchers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self‐interest: defining and understanding a human motive

This paper explores the concept of self‐interest. Taking a multi‐disciplinary perspective, we discuss and critique various definitions of this phenomenon. We argue that self‐interest is an important human motive. However, we also emphasize that other human motives exist. These include empathy toward others and adherence to moral duty. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“Justice” and “fairness” are not the same thing

Organizational justice researchers tend to treat as synonyms the terms “justice” and “fairness”. We discuss different definitional arguments, concluding that these two concepts are distinct. Justice should be defined as adherence to rules of conduct, whereas fairness should be defined as individuals' moral evaluations of this conduct. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Male antenna morphology and its effect on scramble competition in false garden mantids

Well-developed antennae are crucial for many insects, but especially for scramble competitors, who race to find their mates using female sex cues. In these systems, the ability of males to locate females quickly is thought to be under strong selection. A rarely tested assumption is that males with more sensory structures are able to locate females faster. In the present study, we used the false garden mantid Pseudomantis albofimbriata to investigate male antennal morphology and its effect on male efficiency in finding a mate. We used scanning electron microscopy to describe the major sensilla types and their arrangement along the length of male antennae. We also conducted field enclosure trials relating male antennal morphology to scramble competition in this system. We identified six different types of antennal sensilla (cheatic, trichoid, basiconic, grooved peg, ceolocapitular and campaniform) on male P. albofimbriata antennae. As expected, males who had more trichoid sensilla located females quicker than did males with fewer sensilla. Results of the current study suggest that antenna morphology plays a significant role in mate location and hence scramble competition in the P. albofimbriata mating system.     

The effects of shark cage-diving operations on the behaviour and movements of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia

The attraction or provisioning of sharks for the purpose of tourism is a lucrative and popular industry that remains controversial regarding its possible risks to target species and impacts on local ecosystems. The long-term impacts of such activities on the behaviour and movement patterns of sharks have typically been difficult to establish as most studies investigate contemporary behaviour concurrent with existing operations and thus have no comparative base from which to compare effects. We compared patterns of residency and behaviour of acoustic-tagged white sharks at the Neptune Islands in South Australia between periods before and after an abrupt and sustained doubling of cage-diving effort that occurred in 2007. The number of sharks reported by cage-dive operators significantly increased after 2007. Comparisons also revealed there were significant increases in sharks’ periods of residency, the periods spent within areas where shark cage-diving operations occur and changes in sharks’ diel pattern of habitat use. Changes were site-specific with no significant differences in shark behaviour revealed over the same period at an island group 12 km from regular shark cage-dive sites. The results suggest that cage-diving operations can lead to long-term changes in the site-specific behaviour of a highly vagile shark species which may need to be considered in the context of their conservation and in managing the impacts of the industry.     

Controls on the phosphorus content of fine stream bed sediments in agricultural headwater catchments at the landscape-scale

There have been no landscape-scale assessments which quantify the relative importance of the organic and mineral properties of BS (bed sediment) and associated catchment characteristics (geology, land cover and mean topsoil phosphorus (P) content) for BSP concentration. Mid infra red diffuse reflectance spectrometry was applied to estimate the quantities of organic matter, dithionite extractable aluminium- (Al_d) and iron (Fe_d), kaolinite, dioctahedral clay and mica (D&M) minerals in 1052 snapshot samples of fine (<150 μm) BS in small to medium-sized (5-55 km²) agricultural headwater catchments across a large area (15 400 km²) of central England. Analyses included estimates of BS specific surface area, cerium (Ce) concentrations (enriched in P-bearing apatite and P-fertilsers), and catchment average topsoil P content.Simple linear regression demonstrated that the proportion of variance in BSP explained by specific components of BS across all catchments declined in the following order: Al_d > Fe_d > topsoil P = kaolinite = residual iron> organic matter = Ce> D&M > mineral SSA. No single component accounted for more than 36% of the variance in BSP. Multiple regression - including a classification of bedrock lithology and proportions of arable and grassland by area - accounted for 61.9% of the variance in BSP. The proportion of arable and grassland by area in each catchment was also a statistically significant predictor of BSP. Across this large region - with widely differing geology and soils - Fe_d in BS is more strongly associated with kaolinite than D&M minerals because iron-oxyhydroxides and kaolinite form contemporaneously during pedogenesis. The SSA of fine bed sediments is largely determined by catchment area, fitted accurately using a power function.     

A simple formula to calculate the ionization energies of two-, three-, and four-electron atomic ions

We have previously proposed a simple equation that is able to reproduce literature values (Moore 1970) for the ionization energies of one-electron (Lang and Smith 1981) and two-electron (Sabir Ali et al. 1984) atomic ions with very good agreement. However, our proposed equation has no firm theoretical basis, only that we consider our potential energy approach a logical alternative to the usual kinetic relativistic/quantum mechanical methodology. The results calculated from the equation give excellent agreement with literature values and differ by less than 1 eV and less than 0.02% in all cases from hydrogen up to atomic number 20. This paper provides an updated version of the two-electron equation adapted to calculate the ionization energies of three and four electron ions. Our equation also gives fairly good estimates of first electron affinities. Comparisons are made with another published equation, sources of data are described, and the calculated results are discussed.