南方丘陵区土壤潜育化的发生与生态环境建设

依据近年来潜育化土壤的研究资料,分别就南方丘陵区土壤潜育化的主要影响因素,潜育化土壤主要类型及诊断指标,生态环境建设等进行了综合讨论。     

苦草光合作用日变化对水体环境因子及磷质量浓度的影响

在静态实验系统中通过水下饱和脉冲荧光仪（Diving-PAM）和多参数水质监测仪（YSI）监测沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria natans）叶绿素荧光参数与水质物理指标的日变化,并同时跟踪测定水体中各形态磷的质量浓度,以研究苦草光合作用日变化对水体物理因子和磷质量浓度的影响。结果表明,苦草叶片光合作用的相对电子传递速率（rETR）,非光化学淬灭系数（qN）及快速光响应曲线的变化趋势和叶片表明的光照强度日变化同步,呈单峰曲线变化;光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）实际量子产量（Yield）和光化学淬灭系数（qP）与叶片表明的光照强度日变化相反,呈单槽型曲线变化。水体中溶解氧（DO）、pH和氧化还原电位（Eh）的日变化趋势和与苦草光合作用趋势一致,也呈单峰曲线,均在12：00—13：00时达到最高值。水体总磷（TP）与溶解性总磷（DTP）质量浓度在14：00达到最低值（TP 0.015 mg.L-1,DTP 0.010 mg.L-1）,在24：00达到最大值（TP 0.031 mg.L-1,DTP 0.025 mg.L-1）,溶解性活性磷（SRP）质量浓度在6：00—18：00保持在较低的水平,且无明显波动（0.38~2.46μg.L-1）,在24：00达到最大值（9.62μg.L-1）。水体各形态磷的质量浓度变化呈白天降低、夜间升高趋势,水体中各形态磷的质量浓度变化与苦草光合作用日变化趋势相反。实验结果表明,苦草光合作用引起的水体中环境因子的日变化影响了沉积物磷释放的动态平衡过程,从而引起水体磷质量浓度的日变化。     

Prediction of high-density polyethylene pyrolysis using kinetic parameters based on thermogravimetric and artificial neural networks

● Reducting the sampling frequency can enhance the modelling process. ● The pyrolysis of HDPE was investigated at three different heating rates. ● The average E_a and k₀ were calculated by Friedman, KAS, FWO, and CR methods. ● ANN was employed to predict the HDPE weight loss with the optimal MSE and R². Pyrolysis is considered an attractive option and a promising way to dispose waste plastics. The thermogravimetric experiments of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were conducted from 105 °C to 900 °C at different heating rates (10 °C/min, 20 °C/min, and 30 °C/min) to investigate their thermal pyrolysis behavior. We investigated four methods including three model-free methods and one model-fitting method to estimate dynamic parameters. Additionally, an artificial neural network model was developed by providing the heating rates and temperatures to predict the weight loss (wt.%) of HDPE, and optimized via assessing mean squared error and determination coefficient on the test set. The optimal MSE (2.6297 × 10⁻²) and R² value (R² > 0.999) were obtained. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor obtained from four different models achieves the acceptable value between experimental and predicted results. The relative error of the model increased from 2.4 % to 6.8 % when the sampling frequency changed from 50 s to 60 s, but showed no significant difference when the sampling frequency was below 50 s. This result provides a promising approach to simplify the further modelling work and to reduce the required data storage space. This study revealed the possibility of simulating the HDPE pyrolysis process via machine learning with no significant accuracy loss of the kinetic parameters. It is hoped that this work could potentially benefit to the development of pyrolysis process modelling of HDPE and the other plastics.     

一种在线监测机动车尾气超标排放的有效方法

分析机动车尾气污染现状和国内外有效的监测治理方法,对利用汽车OBD尾气监控系统判别车辆尾气超标的方法进行了探讨,并对移动污染源(机动车)的动态监测和管理提出见解,认为运用这个方法可以减少机动车尾气污染和降低排放总量。     

5种水生植物对模拟菜地径流中总氮和硝氮净化效果

近年来,太湖地区蔬菜大棚种植面积日益增加,高施肥量造成菜地土壤硝氮( NO 3 - -N)积累严重,夏季揭棚期菜地在降雨初期会产生高浓度 NO 3 - -N(富硝)的地表径流。为净化菜地富硝地表径流,选取苦草、伊乐藻、黄花水龙、狐尾藻和铜钱草5种常见水生植物,开展了模拟富硝地表径流的箱内净化试验。结果表明:在模拟径流总氮(TN)浓度为6.32~6.80 mg/L、 NO 3 - -N浓度为4.76~5.09 mg/L时,5种水生植物在试验初期(第1周)均表现出较好的氮去除效果,TN和 NO 3 - -N去除率分别超过80%和90%,试验后期(第3、4周)苦草、伊乐藻和铜钱草对TN、 NO 3 - -N的去除率明显下降,而黄花水龙和狐尾藻仍保持较高的 NO 3 - -N去除率(90%以上);在模拟径流TN浓度为15.62~18.00 mg/L, NO 3 - -N浓度为13.19~13.96 mg/L时,5种水生植物的生长均受到不同程度的胁迫,但黄花水龙和狐尾藻对氮去除能力显著高于其他植物;黄花水龙和狐尾藻具有较大的生物量,使其具有良好的氮去除能力,2种植物通过反硝化等途径去除的氮在不同处理间无显著差异,黄花水龙和狐尾藻较适宜净化富硝地表径流。     

苯酚及其氯代物对大型溞的毒性效应和微观机理探讨

采用静态生物急性试验的方法,研究了5种酚类化合物对大型溞的急性毒性效应,并利用正辛醇/水分配系数(Kow)对实验测得的毒性数值进行了统计分析,得到了有效的毒性估测模型.研究结果表明,大型溞的幼溞接触不同化合物的不同浓度,活动会受到抑制,甚至死亡,苯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,3,4-三氯酚和五氯酚的48 h EC50分别为9.15、4.64、4.40、1.92、0.37 mg/L;根据化学物质对溞类的毒性评价标准,这5种化合物都属高毒物质,其中五氯酚具有极高毒性.另外,五氯酚对大型溞的致毒关键步骤不仅包括传输分配过程还有生化反应.     

我国海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料排放现状及对策

当前海洋塑料和微塑料污染问题是全球研究热点,随着我国陆源垃圾减量化处置率和生活污水处理覆盖率的提高,重新核算我国海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料排放量尤为重要,基于文献已报道的关于海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料排放量估算的方法并结合相关统计数据对我国相应排放量进行了核算.结果表明:2016年我国向海洋中排放塑料垃圾124×104~331×104 t,略低于2010年的132×104~353×104 t;生活污水处理厂向环境中排放塑料微珠约109.95×1012粒（折合131.78 t）,远低于2014年报道的209.7×1012粒（折合306.9 t）.此外,2016年我国生活污水处理厂向环境中排放合成化学纤维类微塑料约1 296.95×1012个（折合648.48 t）,轮胎与地面摩擦产生合成橡胶轮胎粉尘约78.85×104 t;合成化纤类微塑料和合成橡胶轮胎粉尘等已成为陆源微塑料的重要来源.通过与发达国家和地区在海洋垃圾和微塑料污染、陆源垃圾处置、海洋垃圾污染应对等方面进行比较,未来我国应通过完善"限塑令"和生活垃圾分类体系、尽早实施"塑料微珠"限令、明晰生活污水处理厂微塑料排放状况等手段从源头控制排放,此外需有效控制塑料垃圾和微塑料的输送途径,制定和完善相关法律法规和监测标准,提升我国应对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染的能力和国际影响力.      

危险废物鉴别实验室能力建设浅析

介绍我国危险废物鉴别体系的组成,分析了2007版《危险废物鉴别标准》的相关内容,探讨了在危险废物鉴别实验室能力建设中,场地条件、硬件设备、人员技能3方面的要求。指出目前环境监测部门开展危险废物鉴别存在的问题和难点,有针对性地提出建议与措施。     

Graphitic carbon nitride/biochar composite synthesized by a facile ball-milling method for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of enrofloxacin

In order to enhance the removal performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) on organic pollutant, a simultaneous process of adsorption and photocatalysis was achieved via the compounding of biochar and g-C₃N₄. In this study, g-C₃N₄ was obtained by a condensation reaction of melamine at 550°C. Then the g-C₃N₄/biochar composites were synthesized by ball milling biochar and g-C₃N₄ together, which was considered as a simple, economical, and green strategy. The characterization of resulting g-C₃N₄/biochar suggested that biochar and g-C₃N₄ achieved effective linkage. The adsorption and photocatalytic performance of the composites were evaluated with enrofloxacin (EFA) as a model pollutant. The result showed that all the g-C₃N₄/biochar composites displayed higher adsorption and photocatalytic performance to EFA than that of pure g-C₃N₄. The 50% g-C₃N₄/biochar performed best and removed 45.2% and 81.1% of EFA (10 mg/L) under darkness and light with a dosage of 1 mg/mL, while g-C₃N₄ were 19.0% and 27.3%, respectively. Besides, 50% g-C₃N₄/biochar showed the highest total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency (65.9%). Radical trapping experiments suggested that superoxide radical (?O₂^?) and hole (h⁺) were the main active species in the photocatalytic process. After 4 cycles, the composite still exhibited activity for catalytic removal of EFA.