天津市不同污染特征典型河流沉积物反硝化对比研究

使用乙炔抑制法对天津市不同污染特征代表性的城市内河南运河、北塘排污河以及城郊东丽区自然河流底部沉积物的反硝化速率和潜力及其冬(3月)夏(8月)季节变化进行了测定。结果表明:1)夏、冬两季天津市不同污染特征的河流沉积物反硝化速率存在着显著的空间差异(p0.05)。夏季排污河沉积物的反硝化速率明显高于较清洁河流,而冬季相反;2)就全年数据来看,各河流沉积物夏季反硝化速率高于冬季,其中北塘排污河表现出最大的季节差异;3)北塘排污河沉积物相较另外两条河流具有较高的反硝化潜力;4)各样点河流沉积物反硝化速率及潜力基本表现为随深度的增加而降低。相关性分析发现河流沉积物反硝化速率与有机碳呈显著正相关(p0.05),因此天津市不同类型河流沉积物有机碳或是影响反硝化过程,导致时空差异的重要因素。天津市河流沉积物反硝化潜力是反硝化速率的1.50~22.8倍,且排污河沉积物脱氮潜力较清洁河流大。     

生命周期评价--清单分析方法探讨

清单分析是生命周期评价方法中极重要的环节，是对整个生命周期阶段的资源和能源的使用及环境排放的定量分析过程，详细阐述了清单流程编制和清单数据获得的分析及收集方法，并示例说明。     

Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (LLE-GCMS)and solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (SPE-GCMS)

Two sample preparation methods were introduced and compared in this paper to establish a simple, quick and exact analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. LC-18 column was employed in solid phase extraction (SPE), 1.0 mL of hexane was adopted in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) in selected ion mode. Mean recoveries of SPE were low for 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) with values below 50%. For LLE, the recoveries were satisfyingly above 50% for 2-MIB and 80% for GSM. Detection limits of the LLE method were as low as 1.0 ng/L for GSM and 5.0 ng/L for 2-MIB. A year-long investigation on odor chemicals of drinking water in Shanghai demonstrated that in the summer, there was a serious odor problem induced by a high concentration of 2-MIB. The highest concentration of 152.82 ng/L appeared in July in raw water, while GSM flocculation was minimal with concentrations below odor threshold.     

基于GIS的淳安县滑坡易发性定量评价

以浙江省面积最大且滑坡灾害最为发育的淳安县为研究域,基于指标因素状态分级和相关性分析结果,选取坡度、水系、交通道路等因素,以全县488处滑坡灾害点为样本数据,依据各因素状态下滑坡发生的频率曲线和信息量曲线的突变点为等级划分的临界值来确定指标因素状态,并在此基础上建立滑坡易发性评价指标体系,结合GIS技术和信息量模型对淳安县滑坡进行了易发性分区.结果表明:研究区可分为低易发区(-4.4≤I＜-2.8)、较低易发区(-2.8≤I＜-2.0)、中等易发区(-2.0≤I＜-0.8)、较高易发区(-0.8≤I＜0.8)和高易发区(0.8≤I≤3.4)5个等级;滑坡灾害点主要分布在水系和公路附近;人类工程活动是造成研究区滑坡数量剧增、危害趋于严重的最主要原因;研究区易发性评价精度高达82.21％,说明结合GIS技术和信息量模型不仅能提高滑坡易发性评价的速度,还能保证评价结果的精度.     

硝基酚、六氯苯污染土壤的微波修复

以典型有机污染物4-硝基酚(4-nitrophenol,4-NP)和六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)污染土壤为处理对象,采用高效吸收微波且保温性能良好的碳化硅材料制成圆柱状装土容器,研究以微波为热源、碳化硅为热传导材料的微波修复设备对污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,该设备对土壤中有机污染物有较好的去除效果,30 min内去除率均可达到90%以上.有机物的去除不仅是由于碳化硅被加热后的热传递效应,且透过容器的部分微波也可直接作用于污染土壤.实验考察了微波辐照时间、污染物初始浓度、土壤量及含水率、敏化剂等因素对修复效果的影响.辐照时间、土壤量和含水量显著影响土壤升温行为和污染物去除率,而污染物初始污染浓度对去除率影响较小.与马弗炉加热处理效果进行了比较,表明微波加热修复技术在土壤的升温速率及有机物去除率方面均有显著优势.     

利用狭形小桩藻净化猪场养殖污水的研究

在实验室条件下利用狭形小桩藻(Characium angustum)SHOU-F87开展为期23 d的猪场养殖污水净化试验.结果表明:狭形小桩藻在高压灭菌及有效氯消毒的养殖污水中均生长良好.高压灭菌养殖污水中氮磷的去除率随着狭形小桩藻接种密度的增加而升高,在200×104,400×104和600×104cells·mL-1的接种密度下,污水的总氮去除率分别为41.68%,55.54%和64.32%;氨态氮去除率分别为96.88%,96.74%和96.83%;硝态氮去除率分别为3.98%,32.86%和49.13%;总磷去除率分别为90.60%,95.88%和94.69%.在接种密度为600×104cells·mL-1时,与在高压灭菌污水中相比,狭形小桩藻在有效氯消毒污水中具有更高的总氮和硝态氮去除率(p0.05);氨态氮和总磷的去除率无显著差异(p0.05).利用猪场养殖污水培养的狭形小桩藻蛋白含量为30.94%-33.67%,且含有丰富的亚麻酸(18∶3n-3)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA).狭形小桩藻具备净化猪场养殖污水同时生产出单细胞蛋白源及水产动物饲料添加剂的潜在开发价值.     

Health risk assessment of dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiyuan, China

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined in 24 duplicate-diet samples from people in Taiyuan during summer and winter in 2009. Dietary intake of PAHs for 2862 participants was subsequently estimated by a survey in Taiyuan. Results from these 24 samples were compared with a raw food study in Taiyuan in 2008. Three main sources of dietary PAHs are vegetables, wheat flour and fruits, the sum of which contributes 75.95% of PAHs in dietary food. Compared to the estimated value in raw food, much more B[a]Peq （benzo[a]pyrene equivalents） were detected in food samples collected in the duplicate-diet study in Taiyuan （60.75 ng/day）. The cooking process may introduce more B[a]Peq into food, and the relative contribution of 16 PAHs in the diet would be changed during the cooking procedure.     

重庆地下河中多氯联苯的分布特征及健康风险评价

为研究岩溶地区水环境中有机污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害,对重庆地下河中的多氯联苯（PCBs）进行了检测,并应用美国环保局（USEPA）的暴露评价模型对其进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,重庆地下河中总PCBs的浓度范围为0.34～52.99ng·L-1,老场和老龙洞地下河中PCBs浓度超过美国环保局规定其在淡水中的标准....     

太原市城市和农村居民尿液中羟基多环芳烃的浓度比较

尿液中的羟基多环芳烃（OH-PAHs）可作为多环芳烃内暴露剂量的指示剂.基于此,分别在采暖期（2009年12月）和非采暖期（2009年9月）采集和分析了我国北方城市——太原市60名城市居民和60名农村居民（男女人数比为1：1,年龄：30～60岁）尿样中6种OH-PAHs的浓度水平.结果表明：太原市城市居民和农村居民尿液...     

A new method of inhibiting pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment by adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator

A new method of adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator can inhibit pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment effectively.