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31.
Carolyn Hendriks Richard Obernosterer Daniel Müller Susanne Kytzia Peter Baccini Paul H. Brunner 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):311-328
This paper discusses the use of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) as a tool to support policy decision making in the field of resource and environmental management. In terms of policy, MFA can be used for early recognition, priority setting, to analyse and improve the effectiveness of measures and to design efficient material management strategies in view of sustainability. MFA has a high potential to be implemented as a guiding tool at the regional level, for example as part of a regional environmental management and audit system or as a part of the Local Agenda 21 process. Material management based on MFA is complementary to traditional environmental and resource management strategies, which have tended to focus heavily on specific environmental compartments, and measure the concentration of substances in various media. MFA, in contrast, provides an overview of the total system by linking the anthroposphere (that part of the biosphere in which humans' activities take place) with the environment. This system approach shifts the focus away from the back-end so-called 'filter strategies' to more pro-active front-end measures. MFA examines short- and long-term loadings rather than concentrations and highlights current and potential material accumulations, called material stocks. These stocks represent either potential environmental problems (e.g. large stocks of hazardous materials) or a potential source of future resources (e.g. urban mining). In this way, MFA can assist precautionary policy making by highlighting future environmental or resource issue problems without relying on signals of environmental stress. The objective of materials management is: firstly, to analyse material flows and stocks; secondly, to evaluate these results; and thirdly, to control material flows in view of certain goals such as sustainable development. MFA is an excellent tool for the first objective and is well suited to generate a base for the other two objectives. MFA results can be compared against environmental standards or can be interpreted using assessment or indicator methodologies (such as environmental impact assessment or ecological footprints). Selected results from two studies, carried out for the city of Vienna (substance management) and the Swiss lowlands (timber management), illustrate the use of MFA as a tool for early recognition (resource depletion and environmental quality), for priority setting and for effective policy making. 相似文献
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Norway spruce seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions in Rootrainers with a vermiculite-peat moss mixture under various N-regimes for 6 months. Either ammonium or nitrate was applied in loads of 100 or 800 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) to seedlings which were either non-mycorrhizal or inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungi Hebeloma crustuliniforme or Laccaria bicolor. The use of increasing N loads enhanced shoot and total biomass, whereas root/shoot ratio, number of short roots and mycorrhization decreased. A significant enhancement of the concentration and content was obvious for the element N, whereas a significant decrease was obvious for P and Zn concentrations. The use of ammonium, as opposed to nitrate, significantly enhanced the biomass and the numbers of short roots, and reduced the root/shoot ratios, but did not influence the mycorrhization. It further significantly enhanced the N concentrations in roots and shoots. Fungal inoculation with H. crustuliniforme or L. bicolor compared to non-inoculated controls significantly enhanced shoot and total biomass, but reduced root/shoot ratios. The mycorrhization further significantly enhanced N and P concentrations and contents, but reduced Mn. Overall, the mycorrhization improved the P nutrition of the seedlings independently on the applied N loads or N sources. Dose response curves using ammonium nitrate as N source with a maximum load of 1600 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) applied on seedlings associated with H. crustuliniforme revealed that the maximum growth was reached at a load of 800 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) with a simultaneous decrease of the mycorrhization. In both shoots and roots, N concentrations increased constantly with increasing N loads, while P, Ca, and Zn concentrations decreased constantly. 相似文献
35.
Multiple causes of variable tick burdens on small-mammal hosts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Blood meals by blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) on vertebrate hosts serve to transmit the agents of several zoonotic diseases, including Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, between host and tick. If ticks are aggregated on hosts, a small proportion of hosts may be responsible for most transmission events. Therefore, a key element in understanding and controlling the transmission of these pathogens is identifying the group(s) or individuals feeding a disproportionate number of ticks. Previous studies of tick burdens, however, have focused on differences in mean annual burdens between one or a few groups of hosts, ignoring both the strong seasonal dynamics of I. scapularis and their aggregation on hosts. We present a statistical modeling framework that predicts burdens on individual hosts throughout the year as a function of temporal-, site-, and individual-specific attributes, as well as the degree of aggregation in a negative binomial distribution. We then fit alternate versions of this model to an 11-year data set of I. scapularis burdens on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) to explore which factors are important to predicting tick burdens. We found that tick burdens are a complex function of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including seasonality. Specifically: (1) burdens on mice and chipmunks increased with densities of host-seeking ticks in a manner that suggests hosts become saturated. (2) Chipmunks draw larval ticks away from mice, which are efficient reservoirs of the Lyme disease bacterium, and mice draw nymphs away from chipmunks, which are key nymphal hosts. (3) While individual correlates were statistically important, the relationships were complex, and no group or correlate (sex, age, mass) could explain which hosts fed a disproportionate number of ticks. (4) Ticks were strongly aggregated on hosts within and across groups suggesting that some undiscovered quality of individual hosts was responsible for the aggregation. (5) Those individuals that fed more nymphs than expected, and are thus more likely to be infected with the Lyme disease agent, also tend to feed and infect more larvae than expected. Predicting which individuals those are is not yet possible. 相似文献
36.
Brunner Sibyl Hanna Huber Robert Grêt-Regamey Adrienne 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(8):2309-2321
Regional Environmental Change - Ecosystem services (ES) management has to cope with a high degree of uncertainty related to changes in socio-economic and climatic conditions as well as in societal... 相似文献
37.
Elizabeth Ann Brunner 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(3):402-413
Art has long been an important force in environmental movements. In China, environmental art is a fast-growing sector of the art scene. This new area of emphasis is expanding the function of art and aiding in China’s environmental movement by challenging both imported Western practices and Maoist era philosophy, thereby opening up new ways of considering the relationship between human “progress,” political systems, economic practices, and their repercussions on existing ecosystems. I turn to artist Xu Xiaoyan’s paintings to explore how the notion of “progress” can be challenged through art. I use Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of deterritorialization and reterritorialization to map how Xu’s art offers viewers space to think outside dominant paradigms, creates the potential for changes in human consciousness, considers the environment as a composition of relationships and interactions, and provokes discussion concerning the impact of linear notions of time on human conceptions of nature. 相似文献
38.
Synthetic TiO2 nanoparticle emission from exterior facades into the aquatic environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaegi R Ulrich A Sinnet B Vonbank R Wichser A Zuleeg S Simmler H Brunner S Vonmont H Burkhardt M Boller M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):233-239
We present direct evidence of the release of synthetic nanoparticles from urban applications into the aquatic environment. We investigated TiO2 particles as these particles are used in large quantities in exterior paints as whitening pigments and are to some extent also present in the nano-size range.TiO2 particles were traced from exterior facade paints to the discharge into surface waters. We used a centrifugation based sample preparation which recovers TiO2 particles between roughly 20 and 300 nm. Analytical electron microscopy revealed that TiO2 particles are detached from new and aged facade paints by natural weather conditions and are then transported by facade runoff and are discharged into natural, receiving waters. Microscopic investigations are confirmed by bulk chemical analysis. By combining results from microscopic investigations with bulk chemical analysis we calculated the number densities of synthetic TiO2 particles in the runoff. 相似文献
39.
Sewage sludge ash to phosphorus fertiliser: variables influencing heavy metal removal during thermochemical treatment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mattenberger H Fraissler G Brunner T Herk P Hermann L Obernberger I 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2008,28(12):2709-2722
The aim of this study was to improve the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge ash by a thermochemical process. The resulting detoxified ash was intended for use as a raw material rich in phosphorus (P) for inorganic fertiliser production. The thermochemical treatment was performed in a rotary kiln where the evaporation of relevant heavy metals was enhanced by additives. The four variables investigated for process optimisation were treatment temperature, type of additive (KCl, MgCl(2)) and its amount, as well as type of reactor (directly or indirectly heated rotary kiln). The removal rates of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and of Ca, P and Cl were investigated. The best overall removal efficiency for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn could be found for the indirectly heated system. The type of additive was critical, since MgCl(2) favours Zn- over Cu-removal, while KCl acts conversely. The use of MgCl(2) caused less particle abrasion from the pellets in the kiln than KCl. In the case of the additive KCl, liquid KCl - temporarily formed in the pellets - acted as a barrier to heavy metal evaporation as long as treatment temperatures were not sufficiently high to enhance its reaction or evaporation. 相似文献
40.
Graham W. Prescott William J. Sutherland Daniel Aguirre Matthew Baird Vicky Bowman Jake Brunner Grant M. Connette Martin Cosier David Dapice Jose Don T. De Alban Alex Diment Julia Fogerite Jefferson Fox Win Hlaing Saw Htun Jack Hurd Katherine LaJeunesse Connette Felicia Lasmana Cheng Ling Lim Antony Lynam Aye Chan Maung Benjamin McCarron John F. McCarthy William J. McShea Frank Momberg Myat Su Mon Than Myint Robert Oberndorf Thaung Naing Oo Jacob Phelps Madhu Rao Dietrich Schmidt‐Vogt Hugh Speechly Oliver Springate‐Baginski Robert Steinmetz Kirk Talbott Maung Maung Than Tint Lwin Thaung Salai Cung Lian Thawng Kyaw Min Thein Shwe Thein Robert Tizard Tony Whitten Guy Williams Trevor Wilson Kevin Woods Alan D. Ziegler Michal Zrust Edward L. Webb 《Conservation biology》2017,31(6):1257-1270
Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions. 相似文献