天津黑碳气溶胶潜在来源分析与健康风险评估

采用2010~2013年BC连续在线观测资料,分析天津地区BC的季节分布、潜在来源及其健康效应.结果表明,2010~2013年BC气溶胶浓度平均值为（4.49±3.26）μg/m³,秋季浓度最高,为6.31μg/m³,冬季和夏季次之,春季最低,为2.59μg/m³.各季节BC浓度的日变化特征类似,均呈早晚双峰分布,早间峰值高于晚间,且夜间高于日间.混合层高度和近地层风从垂直和水平两方面影响BC的时空分布,各季节作用强度并不相同.浓度权重轨迹分析表明天津高浓度BC的主要贡献区域为河北、山东、河南等华北平原地区.此外,秋季内蒙古中部和山西北部等西北区域也会影响天津.天津城区各季节成人和儿童的致癌风险（CR）均高于EPA给定的可接受风险水平（10^-6）,非致癌风险水平较低,秋季因高浓度BC引发的呼吸系统死亡率相对风险为1.118,需要引起高度关注.     

中国分省道路交通二氧化碳排放因子

基于本地化的综合移动源排放模型（Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator,MOVES）模型模拟典型机动车的CO₂排放因子,并建立排放因子与速度变化关系的评估方程,结合各省路网平均速度与区域电网排放因子核算中国31个省份分车型的CO₂排放因子.同时,综合考虑载客汽车的载客量和客座率,载货汽车的载重量和载货率,建立各省单位客运,货运周转量的机动车CO₂排放因子库.结果表明,各类机动车的平均CO₂排放因子分别为：柴油公交车0.880kgCO₂/km,重型货车0.877kgCO₂/km,电动公交车0.676kgCO₂/km,中型货车0.508kgCO₂/km,轻型货车0.374kgCO₂/km,柴油小客车0.227kgCO₂/km,微型货车0.216kgCO₂/km,汽油小客车0.203kgCO₂/km,电动小客车0.108kgCO₂/km,摩托车0.062kgCO₂/km.车辆满载时,柴油公交车和电动公交车的人均CO₂排放量比汽油小客车分别降低了63%和73%,电动小客车的人均CO₂排放量较汽油和柴油小客车分别下降了46%和51%.较高的机动车保有量,频繁的道路拥堵导致上海,北京和重庆等市的机动车CO₂排放因子相对较高.倡导公共交通,提高客座率,降低私家车使用频率,推广纯电动汽车并通过减少道路拥堵以提高车速是降低道路交通CO₂排放量的有效途径.     

氮磷比对湖泊富营养化模型参数敏感性的影响

运用Morris方法研究了蓝藻暴发期不同氮磷比条件下,巢湖富营养化模型中蓝藻、溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧的参数敏感性.结果表明：蓝藻的敏感参数随氮磷比不同有显著差异;氮缺乏情况下,蓝藻对氮转化过程相关参数较敏感;磷缺乏情况下则反之.在任何氮磷比条件下,溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧等非生物变量都是对直接参与其自身转化过程的参数最为敏感,它们在不同氮磷比情况下的敏感参数差异较小.相比较蓝藻生长过程的参数,基础代谢过程的参数对所有变量的影响都更强.此外,各个参数的敏感性与它们的相互作用强度呈显著正相关,且这种相关性在极端氮或磷缺乏情况下尤为显著.本研究的结果有助于深入理解湖泊富营养化现象、改善富营养化模型模拟效果和精度.     

大尺度生态干扰风险评估技术方法及应用研究

为实现大尺度生态干扰高风险区域的快速、有效识别,从生态易损性、干扰易达性和资源易引性三个方面选取了9个指标,构建了生态干扰风险评估指标体系和评估模型,形成了完整的大尺度生态干扰评估技术与方法.利用该技术方法,本文评估分析了全国国土空间生态干扰风险状况、空间分布格局及其成因,并结合2017~2019年全国自然保护区人类活动监测数据和《全国主体功能区规划》中生态脆弱性评价结果对生态干扰风险评估结果进行了精度分析.结果显示：超过90%的自然保护区人类活动都集中在评估得到的中高风险区域;全国生态干扰风险主要以中风险为主、低风险次之、再次是较低风险、较高和高风险区域面积最少;其中较高和高风险区域主要分布在我国中西部和东北部的秦岭、祁连山、三江源和内蒙古草原等区域,生态干扰风险空间分布格局与生态系统结构与功能状况、地形与交通条件、资源潜力等因素具有较强相关性.     

中国钢铁行业CO2减排技术及成本研究

钢铁行业是我国主要的能源消费及CO₂排放行业,推动钢铁行业低碳绿色发展已成为实现我国碳达峰、碳中和的重要环节。为此,研究围绕能源结构调整、工艺结构优化、节能减排技术推广和CCUS技术应用4方面,通过设置基础情景、稳定发展情景和强化减排情景3类情景,利用边际减排成本曲线对我国钢铁行业34项减排技术的减排成本和减排潜力进行分析。结果表明:在稳定发展情景下,我国钢铁行业平均减排成本为433元/tCO₂,所有技术的总减排成本为2100亿元,总减排潜力为4.9亿t。在各项减排技术中,废铁-电弧炉炼钢具有较高的减排经济效益,其以较低的单位减排成本贡献了钢铁行业近50%的碳减排量。未来,我国应加快推进长流程炼钢向短流程炼钢的发展,推动钢铁行业生产工艺的结构性调整。     

Effects of reductive inorganics and NOM on the formation of chlorite in the chlorine dioxide disinfection of drinking water

Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) disinfection usually does not produce halogenated disinfection by-products, but the formation of the inorganic by-product chlorite (ClO₂^–) is a serious consideration. In this study, the ClO₂^– formation rule in the ClO₂ disinfection of drinking water was investigated in the presence of three representative reductive inorganics and four natural organic matters (NOMs), respectively. Fe²⁺ and S^2– mainly reduced ClO₂ to ClO₂^– at low concentrations. When ClO₂ was consumed, the ClO₂^– would be further reduced by Fe²⁺ and S^2–, leading to the decrease of ClO₂^–. The reaction efficiency of Mn²⁺ with ClO₂ was lower than that of Fe²⁺ and S^2–. It might be the case that MnO₂ generated by the reaction between Mn²⁺ and ClO₂ had adsorption and catalytic oxidation on Mn²⁺. However, Mn²⁺ would not reduce ClO₂^–. Among the four NOMs, humic acid and fulvic acid reacted with ClO₂ actively, followed by bovine serum albumin, while sodium alginate had almost no reaction with ClO₂. The maximum ClO₂^– yields of reductive inorganics (70%) was higher than that of NOM (around 60%). The lower the concentration of reductive substances, the more ClO₂^– could be produced by per unit concentration of reductive substances. The results of the actual water samples showed that both reductive inorganics and NOM played an important role in the formation of ClO₂^– in disinfection.     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

A large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber for studying atmospheric photochemical processes: Characterization and preliminary application

Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary air pollution is very important for the formulation of air pollution control countermeasures in China. Thus, a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber was constructed at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (the CRAES Chamber), which was designed for simulating the atmospheric photochemical processes under the conditions close to the real atmospheric environment. The chamber consisted of a 56-m³ fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film reactor, an electrically-driven stainless steel alloy shield, an auxiliary system, and multiple detection instrumentations. By performing a series of characterization experiments, we obtained basic parameters of the CRAES chamber, such as the mixing ability, the background reactivity, and the wall loss rates of gaseous compounds (propene, NO, NO₂, ozone) and aerosols (ammonium sulfate). Oxidation experiments were also performed to study the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including α-pinene ozonolysis, propene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation. Temperature and seed effects on the vapor wall loss and SOA yields were obtained in this work: higher temperature and the presence of seed could reduce the vapor wall loss; SOA yield was found to depend inversely on temperature, and the presence of seed could increase SOA yield. The seed was suggested to be used in the chamber to reduce the interaction between the gas phase and chamber walls. The results above showed that the CRAES chamber was reliable and could meet the demands for investigating tropospheric chemistry.     

近30年鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观格局演变及其社会驱动力研究

为揭示鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观格局动态,支撑滨海湿地资源保护利用与科学规划,本文以1990、2000、2010和2019年遥感影像为数据源,利用景观格局指数和多元回归分析,对鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观格局变化及其社会驱动力进行分析。结果表明:近30年来芦苇湿地和林地显著萎缩,动态度分别为?1.00%和?1.22%,而水库坑塘、养殖场和建设用地面积大幅增加,动态度分别为5.95%、0.83%和5.29%;与1990年相比,2019年水稻田、养殖场、水库坑塘等人工湿地和建设用地斑块数量和密度增大,芦苇湿地斑块面积和密度、破碎化指数及平均分形维数减小;根据景观多样性指数、均匀度指数等整体景观格局指数,湿地景观动态变化可以以1995年和2010年为节点分为3个阶段,景观多样性指数和均匀度指数的降低以及最大斑块面积指数和蔓延度指数的升高反映了人类活动对景观格局的深刻影响;国民生产总值和水产养殖产量等社会经济指标的提升是景观变化、天然湿地面积减少及景观斑块趋于规则化的主要关联因子。     

紫根水葫芦对富营养化水体中氮磷的净化效果研究

以普通水葫芦和紫根水葫芦为试材,分别在室内和室外条件下,研究了两种水葫芦对富营养化水体中氮磷污染物的净化效果。结果表明:经过18d试验,不同条件下两种水葫芦均可提高水体中NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--P、DTP和TP的去除率,且超过90%,但紫根水葫芦对氮磷污染物的去除率和去除速率均优于普通水葫芦。室内条件下,两种水葫芦均可降低碱性水体的pH值,紫根水葫芦组EC值高于普通水葫芦组的原因可能是由于其庞大的根系分泌了更多的化感物质;紫根水葫芦组ρ(DO)和ORP值均高于普通水葫芦组,表现出更好的水质净化效果。室外条件下,紫根水葫芦组水体中藻类的数量下降了4个数量级,明显好于普通水葫芦组和对照组。试验表明,紫根水葫芦不仅对富营养化水体中氮磷污染物的净化效果优于普通水葫芦,而且对水体理化指标的影响和藻类的去除效果均优于普通水葫芦,可以作为一种新型改良植物品种对富营养化水体进行修复。