三峡水库支流大宁河水华特征研究

以三峡水库支流大宁河水华敏感期(2007年4~6月和2008年4~5月)水质和水华的调查数据为依据,研究了其水质变化、营养盐构成及水华特征.结果表明,水华敏感期大宁河自回水段以下氮磷含量较高,总氮范围为0.84~3.21 mg/L,总磷为0.011~0.531 mg/L,氮营养盐主要以TDN为主(TDN/TN为84%),而磷营养盐以TDP占优(TDP/TP为60%);N/P值均高于16,藻类生长受磷限制.高锰酸盐指数和溶解氧含量低且变化稳定.叶绿素a为1.41~219.04 mg.m-3.相关性分析表明Chl-a与TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、pH呈显著正相关(rChla-TP=0.453、rChla-高锰酸盐指数=0.641、rChla-DO=0.584、rChla-pH=0.409,p0.01),与SD呈显著负相关(rChla-SD=-0.392,p0.01);pH受多参数影响,但受藻类生长影响较大.通过显微镜对藻类进行鉴定,发现大宁河自回水段以下水华敏感期藻类分布较广,共发现8门82属124种,其中硅藻门和绿藻门分布最多,其次为蓝藻门和甲藻门,其余藻种较少.大宁河在水华敏感期暴发了3次自回水段以下大规模水华,水华期间藻密度最高值是正常值的14~1427倍,水华优势种主要有绿藻门的波吉卵囊藻、小空星球藻、土生绿球藻、实球藻和小球藻;裸藻门的扁裸藻、矩圆囊裸藻;硅藻门的小环藻、冠盘藻和舟形藻;甲藻门的埃尔多甲藻等;发生多藻种同时水华的情况;出河口处藻类较少.     

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether

The toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was tested and assessed for a 15-d incubation with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was in the range 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurred during the day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% w...     

Phytoplankton community structure and environmental parameters in aquaculture areas of Daya Bay, South China Sea

Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton community structure were investigated in two aquaculture areas in Dapeng Cove of Daya Bay, South China Sea, between April 2005 and June 2006. Phytoplankton abundance ranged between 5.0 and 8877.5 cells/mL, with an average of 751.8 cells/mL. The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton were demonstrated by frequent oscillations, with recurrent high abundances from late spring to autumn and a peak stage in late winter. Diatoms were the predominant phytoplankton group, accounting for 93.21% of the total abundance. The next most abundant group was the dinoflagellates, which made up only 1.24% of total abundance. High concentrations of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech with a maximum of 603.0 cells/mL were firstly recorded in this area known for high rates of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) contamination. Temperatures and salinities were within the suitable values for the growth of phytoplankton, and were important in phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations. The operation of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (DNPS) exerts influences on the phytoplankton community and resulted in the high abundances of toxic dinoflagellate species during the winter months. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved silicate (DSi) were su cient, and rarely limited for the growth of phytoplankton. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was the most necessary element for phytoplankton growth. The enriched environments accelerated the growth of small diatoms, and made for the shift in predominant species from large diatom Rhizosolenia spp. to chain-forming diatoms such as Skeletonema costatum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Thalassiosira subtilis.     

芦村污水处理厂进水组分分析

针对面临“十一五”升级改造的无锡芦村污水处理厂,在对厂内生化池进水水质进行了活性污泥2d模型的组分分析。对碳（COD）组分分析发现,易生物降解基质SS和慢速可降解基质墨仅占进水的51％,进水可生化性比较差,厌氧区在生化处理中对碳（COD）的去除起主要作用。二沉池的沉降效果直接决定了占34％的惰性颗粒性有机物X1的去除效果,从而能在很大程度上降低出水COD。提高TN去除率的关键在于如何处理这20％的颗粒态有机氮（XND）。在典型水质期,需要通过添加辅助化学除磷来使TP达标排放。通过分析发现问题,为污水厂升级改造提供必要的技术支持,也为其他污水厂进水组分分析提供计算示范。     

臭氧用于空气和表面消毒的研究进展

微生物气溶胶是影响人体健康的一大隐患,为保证室内环境安全,需对室内空气和表面进行消毒,以消除病原微生物并控制室内微生物含量在健康水平以下.臭氧是一种广谱、高效的杀菌剂,目前已广泛应用于空气和表面消毒.臭氧消毒在实际应用中仍存在较多限制因素.对臭氧空气和表面消毒相关研究进行了梳理,总结各条件下臭氧的消毒性能和消毒机理,并详细阐述微生物、臭氧浓度、消毒时间、湿度及其他因素对臭氧消毒效果的影响,最后提出目前臭氧空气和表面消毒存在的不足及未来研究的可能方向.     

水热合成类水滑石/生物炭对镉的吸附和稳定化性能

为提高类水滑石(LDH)对镉(Cd)的吸附能力并考察类水滑石/生物炭复合材料(LDH/BC)在土壤中对镉的稳定化性能,以经KOH活化的稻壳生物炭(BC)为载体,采用水热法和共沉淀法制备LDH/BC,以研究不同复合方式及BC复合量对LDH吸附能力的影响.对经优化制备的LDH/BC在不同Cd2+质量浓度、pH值和反应时间下的吸附特性进行考察,以阐明吸附机理并初步在土壤中验证钝化效果.结果表明:通过水热法制备的LDH(h)/BC0.25对Cd2+吸附性能出色,其中BC添加量为0.25 g.当Cd2+初始质量浓度为160 mg/L 时,LDH(h)/BC0.25对 Cd2+吸附量最大(150.15 mg/g)且吸附反应有较宽的pH值范围.LDH(h)/BC0.25在1 h内可迅速吸附Cd2+,在3 h后吸附达到饱和.动力学过程与拟二级动力学方程拟合程度较高,表明吸附过程主要为化学吸附.同时,XPS结果表明,Cd2+可能以CdCO3、Cd(OH)2、CdClOH的形式存在或Cd2+可能通过与含氧官能团的络合作用吸附在LDH(h)/BC0.25表面.此外,对镉污染土壤施加质量分数为6％的LDH(h)/BC0.25并处理14 d后,土壤中酸溶态镉向残渣态转化,镉形态更加稳定.     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

长江防护林——樟树林对降雨再分配的影响

林冠对降雨的再分配,是森林生态学和森林水文学研究的一个重要方面,其影响降雨从林冠到土壤的转移以及水土流失的变化,具有突出的生态水文意义。通过对樟树林下穿透雨和树干流的定位监测,旨在揭示林冠水文效应的变化规律,结果表明：林冠对降雨的再分配功能受到降雨量的影响,穿透雨、树干流和截留量与降雨量呈显著的正相关(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005);穿透雨率随着降雨量增加而增加,而截留率随降雨量增加而减小,并且两者在高的雨量下逐渐趋于稳定,但是树干流率随着降雨量增加先升高后降低。同时,降雨强度也影响林冠的水文效应,随着降雨强度的增加,穿透雨率升高,截留率下降。在整个测定期间,樟树林穿透雨率为685%,截留率为292%,而树干流率为23%。在不同雨量和雨强级间,樟树林冠对降雨再分配存在着差异,而且林内雨的组成比例（〖WTBX〗SF／TF〖WTBZ〗）也受到降雨量和降雨强度的影响。樟树林下水分输入存在明显的空间异质性,穿透雨率在不同位置间具有显著性的差异,而且穿透雨的空间变化率,即穿透雨率的变异系数（CV）随着降雨量或降雨强度的增加而减少。     

模拟中性和酸性降雨及垃圾渗滤液浸泡粉煤灰及渣重金属浸出特征

采用EPA Method 3051和微波消解以及模拟中性和酸性降雨及垃圾渗滤液对燃煤电厂F类3个等级的粉煤灰和渣开展浸泡实验,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了其重金属的含量,分析粉煤灰和渣中重金属的分布特征及不同酸碱度下的浸出毒性.结果表明,3个等级的灰中Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分...