基于数值模拟的城市中心区风环境研究

利用CFD软件对长沙市中心区典型区域的风环境进行了三维数值模拟研究。结果表明,城市建筑群布局不当会造成多方面不利影响:如建筑群内局部地区气流不畅,污染物难以扩散,影响市民身体健康;街道峡谷风使得行人行动不便,冬季热舒适感差;复杂的风环境可能造成建筑构件的损坏乃至脱落,对地面行人的安全造成威胁;建筑围护结构渗透风增加造成建筑能耗的增加。在城市规划和建设中,中心区风环境状况要引起足够的重视,在建设之前要进行风环境模拟与评估。     

叶面施硅和铈对缓解生菜镉、铅毒害作用的研究

在轻度Cd、Pb复合污染菜地中,向生菜叶面喷施不同质量分数的Si溶胶和Ce溶胶,研究其对生菜的产量、品质、抗氧化酶活性及Cd、Pb吸收的影响.结果表明,叶面施Si、Ce均能促进生菜生长,降低生菜中亚硝酸盐质量比.质量分数高的Si溶胶(0.1％、0.2％)可显著提高维生素C、可溶性糖质量比,质量分数较高的Ce溶胶(0.01％～0.03％)可显著提高维生素C质量比,质量分数较低的Ce溶胶(0.005％、0.01％)可显著提高可溶性糖质量比.叶面施Si、Ce能够提高保护酶POD、SOD的活性,抑制生菜对Cd、Pb的吸收,降低其地上部Cd、Pb质量比.叶面施Si和Ce溶胶可显著改善生菜品质及降低Cd和Pd毒害效应,喷施0.05％ SiO2和0.01％ CeO2缓解Cd和Pb毒害作用的效果最佳.     

跨座式单轨交通人身安全雷电防护分析

针对跨座式单轨交通列车遭受雷击时列车内的人员安全性,本文通过对列车内人员不接触与列车金属外壳直接连接的金属构件和接触与列车金属外壳直接连接的金属构件两种情况进行计算分析,得出第一种情况下,人员是完全安全的;第二种情况下,人员可能会有像蜜蜂刺痛或烟头灼痛的感觉,但不威胁生命安全。     

基于模糊数学钻井井喷概率计算模型研究

针对目前钻井井喷风险主要是单因素定量分析或者多因素的事故树定性分析,不够全面,定量性差等问题,基于层次分析法和模糊综合评价法,建立了钻井井喷的多因素定性定量分析方法.通过层次分析法对影响钻井井喷的地质、井型井别、钻井参数和人员资质等因素进行分析,根据各因素在钻井井喷中作用大小,采用“1-9”标度法确定各因素的权重.基于模糊数学理论,采用不同的隶属度函数确定方法,建立了适合不同因素的隶属度函数,在此基础上形成了钻井井喷概率计算方法.通过实例计算表明,此模型可以预测钻井井喷的概率,符合现场实际情况,对钻井过程中预防井喷具有一定的指导借鉴作用.     

矿井下着火点位置数值模拟研究

矿井煤炭自燃是煤矿五大自然灾害之一,而煤炭自燃隐蔽着火点位置的确定是解决煤炭自燃问题的关键。本文结合实际情况将火源位置的确定问题归结为热传导方程的寻源反问题。在理想状态下,把煤矿井下热传导的三维模型简化为二维模型,建立热传导方程及初始条件和边界条件,在matlab中编制了有限差分程序对井下着火点的温度场进行了正反演模拟。数值模拟结果表明:该方法能够较准确地反演出火源的特性,并随着离散化程度的提高,离散解逐渐逼近真实解。通过本文的数值模拟我们得知有限差分法求解热传导寻源反演的方法是解决矿井隐蔽火源发火点位置的有效途径之一,对矿井防、灭火研究具有较高的理论和实际应用价值。     

民营中小企业安全文化建设探讨

企业安全文化建设对于企业安全管理起着至关重要的作用,民营中小企业作为我国经济体系的生力军,其安全管理工作必须注入新的安全管理理念、理论和方法。分析了民营中小企业安全文化建设的制约因素,在基于"本质安全、目标统一和全员参与"三个原则的基础上,初步构建由观念文化、制度文化、行为文化和物态文化四部分组成的民营中小企业安全文化建设框架,并提出相应的建设方法,对于民营中小企业的安全发展有着极其重要的意义。     

纳米氧化镍颗粒对长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)抗氧化防御体系的影响

纳米氧化镍(nNiO)作为一种广泛使用的纳米颗粒,其水生毒理效应研究还很有限。为探索n Ni O对海洋贝类的毒性机制,本研究将长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)置于不同浓度(0、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))的n Ni O中暴露96 h,分别测定鳃和消化腺组织的丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了鳃和消化腺中应激蛋白HSP70和AOX基因的表达变化。结果显示:在100 mg·L~(-1)n Ni O处理下,2种组织中MDA含量均显著性升高(P0.01),显示纳米颗粒造成了长牡蛎的脂质过氧化,并可能引起相应的氧化损伤。同时,n Ni O暴露也诱导了长牡蛎抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性的改变。其中,SOD和CAT活性在10 mg·L~(-1)浓度处理组达到最高,而POD活性在1 mg·L~(-1)浓度组即达最高值。在高浓度n Ni O(100 mg·L~(-1))胁迫下,3种抗氧化酶的活性均比低浓度(1和10 mg·L~(-1))处理组降低,表明抗氧化酶的保护作用在较低浓度暴露下更有效;而热激蛋白(hsp70)和交替氧化酶(aox)基因却分别在长牡蛎消化腺和鳃组织中上调表达(P0.01),并表现出一定的组织差异。说明高浓度纳米颗粒暴露中主要是应激蛋白发挥了作用。本文结果为纳米氧化镍对海洋双壳贝类的毒性机制研究及生态风险评估提供了基础数据。     

Source attribution for mercury deposition with an updated atmospheric mercury emission inventory in the Pearl River Delta Region,China

Estimated anthropogenic Hg emission was 11.9 tons in Pearl River Delta for 2014. Quantifying contributions of emission sources helps to provide control strategies. More attentions should be paid to Hg deposition around the large point sources. Power plant, industrial source and waste incinerator were priorities for control. A coordinated regional Hg emission control was important for controlling pollution. We used CMAQ-Hg to simulate mercury pollution and identify main sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with updated local emission inventory and latest regional and global emissions. The total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the PRD for 2014 were 11,939.6 kg. Power plants and industrial boilers were dominant sectors, responsible for 29.4 and 22.7%. We first compared model predictions and observations and the results showed a good performance. Then five scenarios with power plants (PP), municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), industrial point sources (IP), natural sources (NAT), and boundary conditions (BCs) zeroed out separately were simulated and compared with the base case. BCs was responsible for over 30% of annual average mercury concentration and total deposition while NAT contributed around 15%. Among the anthropogenic sources, IP (22.9%) was dominant with a contribution over 20.0% and PP (18.9%) and MSWI (11.2%) ranked second and third. Results also showed that power plants were the most important emission sources in the central PRD, where the ultra-low emission for thermal power units need to be strengthened. In the northern and western PRD, cement and metal productions were priorities for mercury control. The fast growth of municipal solid waste incineration were also a key factor in the core areas. In addition, a coordinated regional mercury emission control was important for effectively controlling pollution. In the future, mercury emissions will decrease as control measures are strengthened, more attention should be paid to mercury deposition around the large point sources as high levels of pollution are observed.     

Using hyper-spectral indices to detect soil phosphorus concentration for various land use patterns

This study provides earthworm population data obtained from localities with a substantial anthropogenic impact spoils. The spoil heaps were reclaimed at the end of an opencast brown coal mining period. We studied spoils reclaimed by the two most commonly used reclamation processes: forestry and agricultural. The results show the significance of the locality age and the utilized reclamation process and treatment and their effect on earthworm communities. Our data indicate that apart from soil physical and chemical properties, the reclamation process itself may also induce viability and distribution of earthworm communities. Under standardized soil properties, the changes in earthworm populations during the succession were larger within the agricultural reclamation process as opposed to the forestry reclamation process for earthworm ecological groups and individual species.     

Environmental decentralization,environmental public service,and public health: evidence from 289 cities in China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Effective supply of environmental public services (EPS) is important to guarantee the mitigation of residential pollution exposure risk. This study analyzes...