炼油企业挥发性有机物无组织排放通量监测现状与发展

炼油企业是重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)人为排放源,排放的VOCs主要来自无组织源,监控及排放核算困难。笔者总结了国内外炼油企业VOCs排放通量监控及核算技术体系,综述了各类VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术的原理及适用范围,着重评述了工业场地VOCs无组织排放通量监测最佳实用技术——红外掩日通量监测(SOF)和差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)及其在炼油企业的应用进展。总体上,SOF仪器及监测费用适中,但易受阳光等天气条件限制; DIAL几乎可全天候监测,但仪器及监测费用较高。SOF和DIAL监测的欧美炼油企业VOCs排放系数一般为0. 02%～0. 10%,约为排放清单值的3～10倍。国内炼油厂VOCs排放核算采用的排放系数约为美国排放清单值(0. 01%～0. 02%)的10倍,尚待实测校验和修订。VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术也可用于检查或评估炼油企业泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)等VOCs无组织排放控制效果。     

长三角典型城郊农田土壤-浙贝母重金属迁移特征研究

城郊生态系统中土壤重金属分布及其在土壤—植物系统的迁移和富集特征是城乡共生体土壤安全研究的热点问题。以典型经济作物浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii)为例,基于野外采样和实验分析,对长三角代表性城郊农田中土壤—植物系统重金属的分布、富集和迁移特征开展研究。结果表明:受人类活动的影响,城郊农田土壤中重金属除Cr外,Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量超过土壤背景值,并且不同重金属在空间分布上表现较高的空间异质性。除Cd和Cr外,浙贝母植株不同部位重金属含量表现为叶、茎显著高于鳞茎,叶中重金属含量可达到鳞茎的5～10倍,表明叶比鳞茎更易富集重金属。重金属迁移系数分析表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb主要富集在浙贝母植株的地上部分,且不同重金属在植株中的迁移和富集能力具有较大的差异。浙贝母地上部分对Cr、As和Pb的富集能力较低,对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集能力相对较强。相比而言,鳞茎对不同重金属的富集能力均较弱,综合污染评价也表明,浙贝母鳞茎中重金属含量并未超过污染标准。     

Examination of the influence of dissolved halite (NaCl) on the leaching of lead (Pb) from cement-based solidified wastes

The leaching of lead from cement-based solidified waste forms mixed at different water/cement ratios was studied by conducting equilibrium and semi-dynamic leaching tests using deionized water and sodium chloride solutions. The results suggest that leaching of the primary constituents of the cement (calcium, silicon and sulfate) is controlled by solubility equilibria, with increased leaching into chloride solutions due to ionic strength effects. The original porosity of the waste forms increased with water/cement ratio and chloride solutions further increased it as a result of decalcification. Lead leaching was generally low, and appears to be a transport-controlled process, such that leaching correlates positively with porosity.     

Study of chest injuries to 3-year-old child occupants seated in impact shield and 5-point harness CRSs

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the 5-point harness or the impact shield child restraint system (CRS) or both have the potential to cause chest injuries to children. This is determined by examining whether the loading to the chest reaches the internal organ injury threshold for children.

Method: The chest injury risk to a child occupant in a CRS was investigated using Q3 dummy tests, finite element (FE) simulations (Q3 dummy and human models), and animal tests. The investigation was done for 2 types of CRSs (i.e., the impact shield CRS and 5-point harness CRS) based on the UN R44 dynamic test specifications.

Results: The tests using a Q3 dummy indicated that although the chest deflection of the dummy in the impact shield CRS was large, it was less than the injury threshold (40 mm). Computational biomechanics simulations (using finite element FE analysis) showed that the Q3 dummy's chest is loaded by the shield and deforms substantially under this load. To clarify whether chest injuries due to chest compression can occur with an impact shield or with the 5-point harness CRS, 7 experiments were performed using Tibetan miniature pigs with weights ranging from 9.7 to 13 kg. Severe chest and abdominal injuries (lung contusion, coronary artery laceration, liver laceration) were found in the tests using the impact shield CRS. No chest injuries were present when using the 5-point harness CRS.

Conclusion: When using the impact shield CRS, the chest deformed substantially in dummy tests and FE simulations, and chest and abdominal injuries were observed in pig tests. It is possible that these chest injuries could also occur to child occupants sitting in the impact shield CRS.     

家长式领导对高速铁路司机安全行为的影响研究

为了进一步提升高速铁路司机的安全绩效,保证高速铁路的运输安全,以高速铁路司机为研究对象,利用国内11家铁路局的调研数据,构建理论模型,实证研究家长式领导风格对安全氛围及安全行为的影响,采用回归分析和Bootstrap技术进行检验。结果表明:德行领导、仁慈领导和威权领导均对高速铁路司机的安全行为产生显著正向影响;安全氛围在家长式领导风格与安全行为之间起到部分中介作用;德行领导和仁慈领导对安全行为具有正向交互影响效应。     

中国工业废水排放格局及其驱动因素

基于2005~2015年中国31个省（市、自治区）的环境统计数据,运用GIS空间分析方法和SARAR计量模型系统刻画了工业废水排放的时空格局演变与空间集聚特征,并进一步揭示其驱动因素及区域差异性。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,工业废水排放逐年减少,但废水排放总量不断上升,表明中国废水排放主导源已经发生替变;（2）中国工业废水排放量总体呈现“东南高、西北低”的省际格局特征,胡焕庸线可看作工业废水排放“热区”与“冷区”的分界线;（3）中国工业废水排放表现出明显的空间集聚特征,集聚趋势逐年加强;（4）SARAR模型估计结果显示,城镇化推进、第二产业发展、人口增长依次是中国工业废水排放的主要驱动因素。与全国相比,热区的SARAR模型估计结果与上述结论基本一致,但各驱动因素的影响效应略有不同     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及风险评价

为新烟碱类杀虫剂合理使用提供科学依据,本研究采用饲喂法和点滴法测定了9种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性效应,且根据风险商值法进行了风险评价,氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮作为对照药剂。试验结果表明:6种新烟碱类杀虫剂(噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、氟啶虫胺腈和噻虫嗪)对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为1.73×10-3(1.37×10-3~2.45×10-3)~35.3×10-2(30.5×10-2~41.4×10-2)μg·蜂-1,均属于高毒级;其次为氯噻啉,该药剂对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为56.4×10-2(40.9×10-2~95.5×10-2)和2.05(1.13~3.18)μg·蜂-1,分别为高毒和中毒;而啶虫脒和噻虫啉对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 hLD50值为2.57(1.94~3.75)~9.85(8.23~11.6)μg·蜂-1,为中毒级。对照药剂氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48h-LD50值均100μg·蜂-1,为低毒级。风险评价结果表明:噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、氯噻啉、烯啶虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈对蜜蜂具有不可接受的风险,啶虫脒、噻虫啉和对照药剂氟啶虫酰胺、吡蚜酮对蜜蜂的风险可接受。因此,在害虫综合治理中,应谨慎使用新烟碱类杀虫剂,以免对蜜蜂产生严重的毒副作用。     

12种杀菌剂制剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂的急性毒性及安全性评价

采用试管药膜法测定了12种杀菌剂制剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂的急性接触毒性,结合安全性系数评价了供试药剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂的安全性。急性毒性测定结果表明,氟硅唑和啶菌噁唑对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂的接触毒性最高,LC50值分别为220.022和223.115 mg·L-1;其次为多抗霉素、丙森锌和戊唑醇,LC50值分别为436.496、472.358和638.638 mg·L-1;其余7种杀菌剂制剂嘧霉胺、啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、嘧菌环胺和异菌脲对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂的触杀毒性都较低,LC50值均大于1 000 mg·L-1。安全性评价结果表明,丙森锌和啶菌噁唑对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂具有高风险性,安全系数分别为0.16和0.42;嘧霉胺、多抗霉素、氟硅唑和戊唑醇为中等风险性,安全系数分别为1.43、1.56、2.20和3.23;其余6种杀菌剂制剂啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、嘧菌环胺和异菌脲对半闭弯尾姬蜂表现为低风险性,安全系数均大于5。结果显示:甾醇脱甲基抑制剂氟硅唑、戊唑醇和啶菌噁唑以及苯胺基嘧啶类杀菌剂嘧霉胺、有机硫杀菌剂丙森锌和抗菌素多抗霉素对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂具有急性毒性风险,在有害生物综合治理中应谨慎使用,特别是啶菌噁唑和丙森锌,以免对半闭弯尾姬蜂造成不良影响和危害。     

苏丹红Ⅰ对小鼠卵巢的损伤作用及对Caspase-3和Ki-67表达的影响

苏丹红是一种人工合成偶氮染料,可引起肝脏及泌尿系统等多个脏器的肿瘤,但苏丹红对生殖系统的毒性研究较少.本研究以昆明小鼠为受试对象,探讨苏丹红Ⅰ对小鼠卵巢组织Caspase-3和Ki-67表达的影响.将24只昆明小鼠随机分为:对照组、低剂量(60 mg· kg-1)、中剂量(120 mg·kg-1)、高剂量(240 mg· kg-1)4组,6只/组.胃灌4周,4周末处死.HE染色观察各组卵巢组织病理变化,免疫组化法检测卵巢组织Caspase-3和Ki-67表达,Real time PCR检测卵巢组织Caspase-3和Ki-67 mRNA表达,Western blotting检测卵巢组织中Ki-67及Caspase-3蛋白表达.与对照组比较,实验组卵巢中Caspase-3阳性细胞率显著升高(Jp＜O.05),而Ki-67阳性细胞率显著降低(P＜0.05),Real time PCR及Western blotting结果与免疫组化法结果一致.本实验发现苏丹红染毒后颗粒细胞的Caspase-3表达增加,且Caspase-3表达呈剂量依赖性,但Ki-67表达受到抑制.     

Interactions between metal ions and the biopolymer in activated sludge: quantification and effects of system pH value

The quantification and effects of system pH value on the interactions between Pb(II) and the biopolymer in activated sludge were investigated. The biopolymer had two protein-like fluorescence peaks (Ex/Em = 280 nm/326–338 nm for peak A; Ex/Em = 220–230 nm/324–338 nm for peak B). The fluorescence intensities of peak B were higher than those of peak A. The fluorophores of both peaks could be largely quenched by Pb(II), and the quencher dose for peak B was about half of that for peak A. The modified Stern-Volmer equation well depicted the fluorescence quenching titration. The quenching constant (Ka) values for both peaks decreased with rising system pH value, and then sharply decreased under alkaline conditions. It could be attributed to that the alkaline conditions caused the reduction of available Pb(II) due to the occurrence of Pb(OH)₂ sediments. The Ka values of peak B were bigger than those for peak A at the same system pH values. Accordingly, the aromatic proteins (peak B) played a key role in the interactions between metal ions and the biopolymer.

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