中国环境管理引进自愿手段的法律基础分析

自愿手段已日益成为环境管理的一项重要手段,其在发达国家的运用取得了良好的效果,中国突出的环境污染问题迫切要求引入自愿手段以弥补传统环境管理手段的不足.通过总结中国现有法律体系中有关自愿手段的规定,分析了中国环境管理引进自愿手段的法律基础,并在此基础上提出了构建自愿手段法律框架的若干建议.     

原子吸收法测定鱼虾铜锌铅镉铬两种消解方法的比较

分别用混合酸湿法消解和微波消解两种方法处理鱼虾样品,用原子吸收法测定样品中铜、锌、铅、镉、铬的含量.结果表明微波消解相对标准偏差均在4.0%以下,加标回收率在95.6%～112%之间.湿法消解相对标准偏差在0.3%～5.6%之间,加标回收率在88.9%～115%之间.微波消解比湿法消解的精密度、准确度高,且微波消解操作安全简便,耗时短,适用于样品数量多的情况.混合酸湿法消解操作复杂,耗时长,由于使用了在高温下易爆的高氯酸,又容易发生"炭化"现象,安全性差,在样品数量少的情况下可用此法.     

铜在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)鱼鳃微环境中的形态分布

利用Playle设计的装置测定了不同铜暴露水平下鲤鱼鳃部进出水中的游离铜离子浓度、粘液含量及有关参数.用MINTEQA2和单配位体模型联合的试算方法计算了不同形态铜含量以及鳃部粘液对铜的络合能力.结果表明,利用该算法可以获得鱼鳃微环境金属形态分布的准确结果,同时可以得到与鱼鳃粘液络合能力有关的参数.随着暴露铜含量增加,粘液分泌量随之增加,鱼鳃微环境pH和碱度也有所上升.鱼鳃粘液的络合当量浓度(Cu/C)和稳定常数(对数)分别为0.95mmol/mg和5.32.就铜形态分布而言,鱼鳃微环境与外部水相的主要差别表现在相对较高的羟基络合态铜含量以及占总量3%～20%的鱼鳃粘液络合态铜.     

西北高寒地区公路建设对生态环境的影响

以青海地区的公路建设为例，阐述在西北高寒地区公路建设对生念环境的影响。公路建设对生态环境的影响主要体现在三个方面：(1)对土地利用方式的影响；(2)对公路沿线植被的影响；(3)对野生动物的影响。由于高寒地区降雨量少，蒸发量大，生态系统非常脆弱，一旦遭受破坏难以及时恢复，因此在公路建设时必须考虑这些特殊环境，以植被恢复为重点，减轻或消除公路建设带来的不利影响。     

甾烷作为溢油指示物的模糊聚类分析研究

用模糊聚类分析对溢油指示物甾烷进行了研究，为消除进样误差的影响，以标准化相对峰高为基本数据，推算出了油种及其甾烷的动态模糊聚类分析图。结果表明，油种的动态模糊聚类分析图可以显示油种间的疏近程度；甾烷的动态模糊聚类分析图可以表征溢油指示物各甾烷的贡献率，15个甾烷是模糊聚类分析的主要因子，属较理想的溢油指示物。     

Adsorption and cosorption of cadmium and glyphosate on two soils with different characteristics

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (GPS; H3G) is a widely used pesticide throughout the world. It affects metal behaviors in soil-plant system due to its functional groups, which react with metal ions to form metal complexes. Adsorption and cosorption of cadmium and glyphosate on a Wushan soil (WS soil, Anthrosol) and a Zhuanhong soil (ZH soil, Udic Ferrisol) as affect by solution pH were studied by means of batch adsorption experiments. It indicated that the adsorption quantity of Cd or glyphosate was highly relevant to soil characteristics. The WS soil had higher adsorption capacity of Cd than the ZH soil, due to its high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC). In contrast, the adsorption quantity of glyphosate on the WS soil was less than that on the ZH soil, because the WS soil has lower iron and aluminum oxides content but higher pH than the ZH soil. The herbicide glyphosate affected Cd adsorption on the two soils when they coexisted in a same soil solution, which was attributed to a glyphosate-induced pH-decrease and the corresponding decline in negative surface charges of the soil. Beside that, glyphosate reacted with solution Cd to form the water-soluble complexes that had lower affinity to soil surface in comparison with Cd itself. On the other hand, the presence of Cd in the soil solution also affected the adsorption of glyphosate on the soils. The presence of Cd increased adsorption quantity of glyphosate on the WS and ZH soils, which was resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd2+ exchange with H+ ions of soil surface. In addition to that, glyphosate adsorption possibly takes place on sites where Cd was previously adsorbed and acted as a bridge between the soil and glyphosate.     

连续式离子分离系统(ISEP)在水杨酸生产废水处理中的应用

采用连续式离子分离系统 (ISEP)处理水杨酸生产废水 ,结果表明 ,该系统对水杨酸生产废水有良好的处理效果。当进水CODCr为 180 0 0— 2 0 0 0 0mg/L时 ,经一步吸附处理 ,出水CODCr可实现达标排放 ,苯酚、水杨酸去除率接近10 0 % ,脱附液中高浓度苯酚、水杨酸等资源可有效回收利用     

Toxicological and biochemical responses of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus to pyrene, a non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

The effects of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene on earthworms were investigated in contact and soil tests. In addition to measuring toxic effects on survival and reproduction, Ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity and catalase activity were also studied as possible biomarkers of toxic stress. The survival data indicated that LC₅₀ values were 0.0068 mg/ml for the contact test, and 283 mg/kg in the soil test. Cocoon production rate was significantly reduced compared to controls at 160, 640 and 2560 mg/kg in the soil test. No EROD activity could be detected in preliminary studies using control and exposed animals from the contact test, so this assay was not used to the soil test. Catalase activity was shown to be significantly lower at 640 mg/kg in the soil test compared to all other treatments and the control. When compared to toxicological data for other soil invertebrates, Lumbricus rubellus has an intermediate sensitivity in respects of survival and a lower sensitivity for reproductive effects, although the soil used in this study had a higher organic content than previous studies, meaning that the sensitivity of this species may be underestimated in comparison to previous published data for other soil invertebrates.     

Nitrogen species in drinking water indicate potential exposure pathway for Balkan Endemic Nephropathy

This study explored two hypotheses relating elevated concentrations of nitrogen species in drinking water and the disease Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN). Drinking water samples were collected from a variety of water supplies in both endemic and non-endemic villages in the Vratza and Montana districts of Bulgaria. The majority of well water samples exceeded US drinking water standards for nitrate + nitrite. No statistically significant difference was observed for any of the nitrogen species between villages classified as endemic and non-endemic. Other constituents (sodium, potassium and chloride) known to be indicators of anthropogenic pollution were also found at elevated concentrations and all followed the order wells > springs > taps. This ordering coincides with the proximity of human influences to the water sources. Our results clearly establish an exposure pathway between anthropogenic activity and drinking water supplies, suggesting that the causative agent for BEN could result from surface contamination.     

AB法A段污泥减量试验研究

针对AB法A段剩余污泥量大的问题,采用臭氧和超声波对A段污泥减量效能进行了对比试验研究.结果表明:(1)将相当于传统A段剩余污泥量的污泥,进行2 h臭氧接触氧化后,再回流至A段反应器,其平均污泥产率系数为0.0328 kg MLSS/kg COD·d;(2)采用超声波对A段进水作用0.5 h,其平均污泥产率系数为0.0246 kg MLSS/kg COD·d.A段采用上述2种方法减量后几乎无剩余污泥产生,同时对A段反应器中的污泥活性和出水水质的影响较小,从经济上考虑臭氧法具有优势.