Method for comparing the capture efficiency of benthic sampling devices

Traditional comparisons between the capture efficiency of sampling devices have generally looked at the absolute differences between devices. We recommend that the signal-to-noise ratio be used when comparing the capture efficiency of benthic sampling devices. Using the signal-to-noise ratio rather than the absolute difference has the advantages that the variance is taken into account when determining how important the difference is, the hypothesis and minimum detectable difference can be made identical for all taxa, it is independent of the units used for measurement, and the sample-size calculation is independent of the variance. This new technique is illustrated by comparing the capture efficiency of a 0.05 m² van Veen grab and an airlift suction device, using samples taken from Heron and One Tree lagoons, Australia.     

A simplified 137Cs transport model for estimating erosion rates in undisturbed soil

(137)Cs is an artificial radionuclide with a half-life of 30.12 years which released into the environment as a result of atmospheric testing of thermo-nuclear weapons primarily during the period of 1950s-1970s with the maximum rate of (137)Cs fallout from atmosphere in 1963. (137)Cs fallout is strongly and rapidly adsorbed by fine particles in the surface horizons of the soil, when it falls down on the ground mostly with precipitation. Its subsequent redistribution is associated with movements of the soil or sediment particles. The (137)Cs nuclide tracing technique has been used for assessment of soil losses for both undisturbed and cultivated soils. For undisturbed soils, a simple profile-shape model was developed in 1990 to describe the (137)Cs depth distribution in profile, where the maximum (137)Cs occurs in the surface horizon and it exponentially decreases with depth. The model implied that the total (137)Cs fallout amount deposited on the earth surface in 1963 and the (137)Cs profile shape has not changed with time. The model has been widely used for assessment of soil losses on undisturbed land. However, temporal variations of (137)Cs depth distribution in undisturbed soils after its deposition on the ground due to downward transport processes are not considered in the previous simple profile-shape model. Thus, the soil losses are overestimated by the model. On the base of the erosion assessment model developed by Walling, D.E., He, Q. [1999. Improved models for estimating soil erosion rates from cesium-137 measurements. Journal of Environmental Quality 28, 611-622], we discuss the (137)Cs transport process in the eroded soil profile and make some simplification to the model, develop a method to estimate the soil erosion rate more expediently. To compare the soil erosion rates calculated by the simple profile-shape model and the simple transport model, the soil losses related to different (137)Cs loss proportions of the reference inventory at the Kaixian site of the Three Gorge Region, China are estimated by the two models. The over-estimation of the soil loss by using the previous simple profile-shape model obviously increases with the time period from the sampling year to the year of 1963 and (137)Cs loss proportion of the reference inventory. As to 20-80% of (137)Cs loss proportions of the reference inventory at the Kaixian site in 2004, the annual soil loss depths estimated by the new simplified transport process model are only 57.90-56.24% of the values estimated by the previous model.     

昭通市民用型煤固硫脱硫实验研究

结合本地燃料煤特征、燃烧方式、固硫脱硫剂资源情况等,初步确定以生石灰为主固硫剂、窑泥巴为粘结剂,重点考察了固硫剂的适用温度、民用型煤固硫脱硫效果.     

Courtship and reproduction in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Carybdea sivickisi</Emphasis> (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)

Courtship and fertilization events in cubozoans have received little attention from biologists, and much of what we know about these processes is based on conjecture or scant anecdotal evidence. I set out to describe these processes in the cubozoan Carybdea sivickisi by observing mature medusae in vitro. Mature adults engage in courtship during which spermatophores are transferred from the male to the female, who then inserts the gametes into her manubrium. Females accepted multiple spermatophores from multiple males, and only produced one embryo strand. This study also provides evidence that the presence of conspicuous velar spots on the females bell margin is a signal of sexual maturity, and that sexual maturity was not reached in either sex until individuals had a bell diameter of at least 5 mm.Communicated by R.J. Thompson, St. Johns     

Fix-Neyman model of illness-death processes

The concept of the life table originated in longevity studies of man, where it was always presented as a subject peculiar to public health, demography, and actuarial science. As a result, its development has not received sufficient attention in the field of statistics. Actually, the problems of mortality studies are similar to those of reliability theory and life testing, and they may be described in terms familiar to the statistically oriented mind. From a statistical point of view, human life is a random experiment and its outcome, survival or death, ss subject to chance. The life table systematically records the outcomes of many such experiments for a large number of individuals over a period of time. Thus, the quantities in the table are random variables subject to established statistical analysis. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the life table from a statistical viewpoint.     

高温熔渣热资源回收技术发展及探讨

我国高温熔渣年产生量超过6亿t,其热资源价值巨大,但浪费情况严重。对干法粒化、化学法、冷却水余热利用、直接制备产品4种熔渣热能利用技术进行了论述探讨。熔渣热能回收技术的应用离不开熔渣资源利用,综合经济效益最大化是热能利用技术应用的关键因素。对于高温熔渣热回收技术建议如下:针对活性物料含量低的熔渣采用干法粒化、化学法进行热能回收;活性物料含量高的熔渣,在确保熔渣产品活性的条件下进行热能回收技术开发;因地制宜地进行冲渣冷却水余热利用;解决熔渣直接制备产品的关键工艺技术难点,提质降本;加强熔渣液固转变矿物结构变化过程的研究,实现固化渣的矿物组成调控。     

A review of removal technology for antimony in aqueous solution

Antimony (Sb) and its compounds, toxic metalloid, have been classified as high-priority pollutants. Increasing Sb released into the water environment by natural processes and anthropogenic activities, which exposure threatens to human health and ecosystems. Therefore, it is of unquestionable importance to remove Sb from polluted water. Keeping in view the extreme importance of this issue, we summarize the source, chemistry, speciation, distribution, toxicity, and polluted situation of Sb about aqueous solution. Then, we provide the recent and common technology to remove Sb, which are based on adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, electrochemical technology, membrane technology, ion exchange, etc. In this review, we focus in detail on the adsorption method, researchers at present have been investigating to discover more advanced, cost-effective, eco-friendly, reusable adsorbents. However, to date the Sb-containing wastewater treatment technologies are not sufficiently developed and most of research have been tested only in controlled lab conditions. Few reports are available that include field studies and applications. We critically analyzed the salient features and removal mechanisms, evaluating benefits and limitations of these technologies, hoping to provide more references for further research. Finally, we considered the Fe- or Mn-based technologies was the most promising technique to remove Sb for field application.     

广州地区秋季不同站点类型地面臭氧变化特征与影响因子

近地面臭氧（O₃）已成为广州市的主要空气污染物.由于受地形、气象条件和前体物排放差异的影响,同一个城市内不同地区臭氧的变化特征与影响因素也存在较大差异.基于2015年10月广州4个代表不同站点类型［城区：广州市监测站（GMC）、上风向郊区：花都师范（HNS）、下风向郊区：番禺中学（PMS）和山区：帽峰山森林公园（MFS）］的空气质量监测站数据,结合WRF模拟的气象数据,研究了各站点O₃的变化特征、影响因素及敏感性.结果表明,4个站点的O₃和NO_x日变化分别呈现单、双峰分布特征（MFS站点NO_x除外）,GMC、HNS和MFS站点的O₃峰值出现在周六,而PMS出现在周四.MFS的O₃日均浓度最高（98.61 μg·m^-3）,GMC的O₃日均浓度最低（44.83 μg·m^-3）.不同站点臭氧浓度超标的NO_x拐点区间分别为：GMC：55～90 μg·m^-3,PMS：30～60 μg·m^-3,MFS：10～20 μg·m^-3.O₃增长率的温度（T）拐点区间分别为：GMC：28～30℃,HNS：26～28℃,PMS：24～26℃,MFS的拐点温度不明显;湿度（RH）拐点区间分别为：GMC 55%～65%,HNS和PMS 60%～70%,MFS 80%～85%.轻风类风速（WS：1.5～3.3m·s^-1）与O₃呈现正相关;当风向为西北风向时,PMS站点的O₃浓度最高,其他风向下MFS的O₃浓度最高.通过各影响因子与O₃的多元线性拟合发现,影响各站点O₃的主控因子是,GMC：WS和T;PMS和HNS：T和RH,MFS：RH和WS.各站点O₃敏感性分别是,GMC和HNS为VOCs控制区,MFS为NO_x控制区,PMS为协同控制区.     

锑对甘蓝的毒性阈值研究

为丰富完善我国土壤中Sb（锑）对植物的毒理学数据并为土壤Sb生态基准的制定提供依据,参照国际标准化组织颁布的植物毒性试验的标准方法（ISO 11269-2:2013）,以外源添加的方式研究了我国17种典型土壤中Sb对甘蓝早期生长生物量的影响.结果表明:①基于全量Sb推导的甘蓝的毒性阈值EC₁₀（10%抑制效应浓度）变化范围为100.55~656.65 mg/kg,表明不同土壤中Sb的毒性差异显著,但基于有效态Sb（Na₂HPO₄溶液提取）推导的不同土壤中EC₁₀的变化范围为8.28~24.05 mg/kg,其EC₁₀差异有所减小;②相关性分析表明,基于土壤全量Sb推导的EC₁₀与w（OM）（OM为有机质）、w（TN）（TN为全氮）和CEC（阳离子交换量）均呈显著正相关（相关系数为0.746~0.779）,而基于有效态Sb推导的EC₁₀与w（Fe）和w（Mn）呈显著正相关（相关系数为0.479~0.615）;③多元回归分析进一步表明,土壤pH、w（OM）和CEC可以解释基于全量Sb推导的EC₁₀值74.6%的变异,w（OM）和w（Mn）可以解释基于有效态Sb推导的EC₁₀值62.6%的变异.研究显示,Sb的Na₂HPO₄提取态能在一定程度上解释不同土壤中Sb对甘蓝的毒性差异,pH、w（OM）、CEC和w（Mn）是影响Sb对植物毒性的土壤主控因子,可以较好地预测Sb的毒性阈值.