室内环境的化学物质污染及其对策

室内环境是现代人们最为关注的问题之一。从室内环境的特征分析人手,重点讨论了挥发性有机化合物和甲醛两种主要影响室内环境空气质量的化学污染物质的来源及其对人体健康的影响,提出了相应的防治对策。     

纳滤膜在洁霉素废水浓缩分离中的应用

考察了DLNF₂-30(0.24m²)、MPS-44(1.4m²) 2种卷式纳滤膜串联运行时对洁霉素废水中残余洁霉素的浓缩性能.实验结果表明,当进水中洁霉素浓度为200mg/L 时,对废水浓缩10～20倍后洁霉素浓度可浓缩至2000mg/L 以上,满足回用要求,浓缩时间为60～70h.在浓缩过程中,COD_Cr的截留率始终高于80%,洁霉素截留率始终高于90%,且洁霉素的回收率高于90%.     

Combining potassium chloride leaching with vertical electrokinetics to remediate cadmium-contaminated soils

This study evaluated the feasibility of combining potassium chloride (KCl) leaching and electrokinetic (EK) treatment for the remediation of cadmium (Cd) and other metals from contaminated soils. KCl leaching was compared at three concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% KCl). EK treatment was conducted separately to migrate the metals in the topsoil to the subsoil. The combined approach using KCl leaching before or after EK treatment was compared. For the single vertical EK treatment, the removal of Cd, lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from the topsoil (0–20 cm) was 9.38%, 4.80%, 0.95%, and 10.81%, respectively. KCl leaching at 1% KCl removed 84.06% Cd, 9.95% Pb, 4.34% Cu, and 19.93% Zn from the topsoil, with higher removal efficiency than that of the 0.2% and 0.5% KCl leaching treatments. By combining the KCl leaching and EK treatment, the removal efficiency of heavy metals improved, in particular for the 1% KCl + EK treatment, where the removal rate of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn from the upper surface soil reached 97.79%, 17.69%, 14.37%, and 41.96%, respectively. Correspondingly, the soil Cd content decreased from 4 to 0.21 mg/kg, and was below the Chinese standard limit of 0.3 mg/kg soil. These results indicate that 1% KCl + EK treatment is a good combination technique to mitigate Cd pollution from contaminated soils used for growing rice and leafy vegetables.

     

Technetium-99 in the Irish marine environment

Technetium-99 activity concentrations in seawater and biota from Irish coastal waters are presented. Time series measurements of 99Tc in seawater and Fucus vesiculosus from the western Irish Sea show that activity concentrations have increased in line with the increase in discharges of 99Tc from Sellafield. The peak in activity concentrations in both seawater and Fucus vesiculosus occurred in 1997 approximately two years after the peak in 99Tc discharges. The highest activity concentration recorded in Fucus vesiculosus showed a 29-fold increase over the mean concentration for the period 1988-1993. Technetium-99 activity concentrations were measured in fish, lobsters, prawns, mussels and oysters landed at major fishing ports on the east and northeast coasts of Ireland between 1996 and 1998. Concentration factors for 99Tc in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus and certain species of fish, crustaceans and molluscs from the Irish Sea were estimated. In general, these concentration factors were higher than those in the literature which were derived from laboratory studies, but agreed well with values which were based on field studies. The mean committed effective doses to Irish typical and heavy seafood consumers due to 99Tc in the period 1996-1998 were 0.061 and 0.24 microSv, respectively.     

煤气洗涤废水的处理

采用硫酸亚铁沉淀－沉渣回流－次氯酸钠氯化工艺处理ＣＮ＾－含量为４ｍｇ／Ｌ、Ｓ＾２－含量为６ｍｇ／Ｌ的煤气洗涤废水，ＣＮ＾－的去除率可达９５％以上，Ｓ＾２－的去除率近１００％。     

Growth variation of white oak subjected to historic levels of fluctuating air pollution

Growth of white oak (Quercus alba L.) trees was examined, using tree-ring analysis, at three sites near a small, remote coal-fired power plant in central Pennsylvania, USA. Forests immediately adjacent to the power plant have been subjected to power plant emissions since the power plant initiated operation in 1954. However, localized, ground-level fumigations have been gradually reduced over the years due to a series of construction projects resulting in increased stack heights. Comparisons of growth were made among the white oaks growing at the three close-in sites, as well to the growth of white oak at three control sites located 10-50 km from the power plant, during periods of differing stack heights. White oak exhibited reduced growth at two of the close-in sites during the time period when historical ground-level air pollution exposures were assumed to be greatest due to low stack heights. White oak growth at the third close-in site was not substantially reduced during this time period. In 1976, taller stacks were implemented at the power plant to reduce local, ground-level concentrations of air pollutants. The recovery of tree growth at the two close-in affected sites, and increased synchronous growth responses from 1976-85 among all three close-in sites, indicates that implementation of taller stacks in 1976 reduced ground-level pollutant levels to such dosages that growth was not impaired at any site. Also, growth rates after 1976 were comparable to the growth rates of the white oaks growing on the control sites. A possible interacting factor was a severe drought that occurred in the mid-1960s in central Pennsylvania.     

组织行为理论在HSE管理中的应用

以人为切入点,对HSE管理中采用组织行为理论的可行性进行分析,再结合HSE管理自身的特点,对人的心理和行为规律进行研究,从而对HSE管理中出现的人的问题,提出相应的解决建议和对策。     

三种海洋经济微藻对米氏凯伦藻生长的抑制效应

通过研究米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)与3种常见饵料性经济微藻:盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)和球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)在共培养体系下的生长竞争关系,结果表明:亚心形扁藻为抑制米氏凯伦藻生长的最有效藻种,在相同的接种密度下,米氏凯伦藻在9 d内几乎全部死亡;在竞争过程中,米氏凯伦藻具有特殊的生存策略来抵御环境胁迫作用,如形成暂时性胞囊和产生"粘性"云团。     

上海市环境库兹涅茨曲线分析

经济发达城市的经济发展与环境保护有着相似的经历。以上海市经济增长和废水排放的关系为例,在选取上海市1991-2007年经济与废水排放数据的基础上,建立了人均GDP与废水排放量的模型和绘制了环境库兹涅茨曲线。研究发现,上海市的经济与环境指标中的固废生产量符合环境库兹涅茨曲线呈倒U型,而环境指标中的废水、废气指标则是库兹涅茨曲线呈正U型。     

稻田养鱼的生态防灾机制与效益分析——以湖南为例

以湖南为例从分散蓄水与扩容蓄水、即时蓄水与重复蓄水、分级截流与设阻截流等角度,分析了稻田养鱼的生态防灾机制,得出湖南宜鱼稻田87.0万hm2,以蓄水30cm计算可蓄存107.9亿m3.通过重复蓄水、设阻蓄水,接纳多次降雨洪水,调节水分时空分布,创造减灾避灾的人工生态防灾系统,形成多物种共生共存的农田湿地生态系统,提高农田生态经济效益.