China＇s Total Emission Control Policy： a Critical Review

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission control policy in the past 10 years and explore emerging issues in its implementation. The article has three sections： a summary of the implementation experience, issues with the design and implementation of the policy, and policy recommendations.     

Assimilating concentration observations for transport and dispersion modeling in a meandering wind field

Assimilating concentration data into an atmospheric transport and dispersion model can provide information to improve downwind concentration forecasts. The forecast model is typically a one-way coupled set of equations: the meteorological equations impact the concentration, but the concentration does not generally affect the meteorological field. Thus, indirect methods of using concentration data to influence the meteorological variables are required. The problem studied here involves a simple wind field forcing Gaussian dispersion. Two methods of assimilating concentration data to infer the wind direction are demonstrated. The first method is Lagrangian in nature and treats the puff as an entity using feature extraction coupled with nudging. The second method is an Eulerian field approach akin to traditional variational approaches, but minimizes the error by using a genetic algorithm (GA) to directly optimize the match between observations and predictions. Both methods show success at inferring the wind field. The GA-variational method, however, is more accurate but requires more computational time. Dynamic assimilation of a continuous release modeled by a Gaussian plume is also demonstrated using the genetic algorithm approach.     

应用于微波处理正丁酸模拟废水的催化剂制备及表征

通过正交实验对镍铁铈(Ni-Fe-Ce)、镍铁钛(Ni-Fe-Ti)、镍铁锆(Ni-Fe-Zr)3组复合催化剂的共沉淀-焙烧法制备工艺进行优化,并对优选出的催化剂进行SEM和XRD表征。结果表明,镍铁锆催化剂是最优催化剂,最佳制备条件为Ni∶Fe(摩尔比)0∶10、Zr∶Fe(摩尔比)4∶1、干燥时间6 h、焙烧温度350℃、焙烧时间6 h、沉淀时间5 h;此条件下制备的Fe-Zr催化剂的催化效能最高,TOC去除率达到75%;Zr的掺和改变了Fe催化剂的物相,进而提高了Fe催化剂的催化活性。     

Ni-Y分子筛对燃料油中二苯并噻吩的吸附性能研究

以Y型分子筛为载体,采用液相离子交换法制备Ni-Y分子筛吸附剂。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、低温液氮吸附法、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对Ni-Y分子筛进行表征,使用静态吸附方法考察吸附条件对分子筛吸附燃料油中二苯并噻吩性能的影响,并使用Langmuir-Freundlich(L-F)方程对分子筛的吸附等温线进行拟合。结果表明,Ni2+离子的改性对分子筛的孔道结构影响不显著。吸附过程中,吸附时间、剂油比以及芳烃类物质的干扰,都对吸附效果有较大影响。利用L-F方程拟合,计算出25℃时Ni-Y分子筛对二苯并噻吩的饱和吸附量为72.9 mg/g。     

M-AHP-熵权组合赋权法在垃圾渗滤液处理技术评价中的应用

通过分析目前综合评价赋权方法存在的弊端,提出了主客观相结合对指标进行赋权的方法,即采用基于MATLAB优化工具箱的层次分析法(M-AHP)建立主观权重,采用熵权法建立客观权重,将主客观权重加以综合来确定评价指标的权重。最后将该方法应用于重庆市卫生填埋场的处理技术的评价指标,然后按照模糊积分评价模型得出综合评价值,从3种备选方案中得出了MBR(膜生物反应器)+NF(纳滤)工艺为最佳方案。     

Verification of radionuclide transfer factors to domestic-animal food products, using indigenous elements and with emphasis on iodine

Recent reviews have established benchmark values for transfer factors that describe radionuclide transfer from plants to animal food product such as milk, eggs and meat. They also illustrate the paucity of data for some elements and some food products. The present study quantified transfer data using indigenous elements measured in dairy, poultry and other livestock farms in Canada. Up to 62 elements are reported, with particular emphasis on iodine (I) because of the need to accurately assess the behaviour of ¹²⁹I from disposal of nuclear fuel waste. There was remarkable agreement with the literature values, and for many elements the present study involved many more observations than were previously available. Perhaps the most important observation was that product/substrate concentration ratios (CR) were quite consistent across species, whereas the traditional fractional transfer factors (TF, units of d kg⁻¹ or d L⁻¹) necessarily vary with body mass (feed intake). This suggests that for long-term assessments, it may be advisable to change the models to use CR rather than TF.     

粘土矿物材料吸附去除水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯

研究了天然沸石、2种有机改性沸石及Mg/Al水滑石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的等温吸附情况和吸附机理,并与活性炭的吸附性能进行了比较。结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温方程均可以很好地描述天然沸石和Mg/Al水滑石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附,2种有机改性沸石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附更符合Linear吸附等温方程。与活性炭相比,天然沸石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附效果较差;2种有机改性沸石和Mg/Al水滑石对分子尺寸较小的邻苯二甲酸酯物质邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的去除率较低,分别低31.8%、31.4%和19.8%,但对分子较大的邻苯二甲酸酯物质邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的去除效果相差不大。     

基于生态位适宜度模型的城乡建设用地增减挂钩规划方法研究

城乡建设用地增减挂钩作为统筹城乡发展的有效手段,为快速城镇化进程中如何实现集约节约用地,切实保护耕地的目标提供了新的思路,而挂钩规划的科学编制是挂钩工作开展的前提与保障。本文引入生态位适宜度模型构建城乡建设用地增减挂钩供给和需求区域的评价指标体系,测算其生态位适宜度,并据此划分挂钩供给和需求区域,制定联动规划方案。同时,以武汉市新洲区为实证,通过测算研究区域挂钩供给和需求潜力,利用MapGIS中叠加分析功能,修正基于生态位适宜度的挂钩供给和需求区域的划分结果,最终确定挂钩供给和需求区域,并制定联动规划方案。研究表明,规划期内应优先将挂钩供给高度适宜区(双柳)与挂钩需求高度适宜区(阳逻和旧街)联动。     

气候变暖背景下火干扰对森林生态系统碳循环的影响

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的气候变化和对全球生态环境的影响已受到国际社会的普遍关注。火干扰作为森林生态系统重要的干扰因子,对森林生态系统碳循环产生重要影响以及对未来气候变化的响应更是人们关注的重点。正确理解气候变暖、火干扰与森林生态系统碳循环之间的因果循环关系,了解气候变暖背景下火干扰对森林生态系统碳循环的影响,对制定科学合理的林火管理策略、充分发挥林火管理在森林生态系统碳循环和碳平衡以及缓解碳排放中的作用均有重要的意义。系统论述了气候变暖、火干扰与森林生态系统碳循环之间的逻辑循环关系,并对相关的研究进展进行综述。重点剖析了气候变暖对火干扰的影响,气候变暖背景下火干扰对森林生态系统碳循环的影响,并提出了全球变暖背景下科学有效的林火管理策略与措施,以及今后需要加强的一些研究领域及方向。     

上海市降雨变化与灾害性降雨特征分析

降雨是引发城市内涝的关键因素,与公众安全密切相关,分析其特征,能够为内涝防治提供一定参考和依据。上海地区气候条件复杂,深受暴雨、台风等水情灾害影响。依据国家基本气象站-宝山站数据,对上海市近40 a降雨变化和灾害性降雨特征进行了分析。结果表明上海年均降雨量以509 mm/10 a的速率递增。同时,降雨天数的减少较为显著,以3 d/10 a的速率递减。从降雨量和降雨强度的角度,灾害性降雨多为暴雨和短历时强降雨。上海年均暴雨天数为3 d,但雨量可占全年的1/5,大范围暴雨通常由台风引起。近年来,高于排水标准的短历时强降雨出现频次有增多的趋势。汛期作为灾害性降雨的高发期,可作为城市防涝的重点