生活垃圾填埋场填埋气中汞的分布特征

利用Tekran 2537A和Lumex RA-915汞分析仪分别对生活垃圾填埋场排气筒、填埋场内部的气态总汞变化规律进行了分析,结果表明,填埋场排气筒中气态总汞含量呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天高于夜间,并于午间达到峰值。气象条件对汞的释放过程有重要影响,光照强度与排气筒中气态总汞含量的相关性明显。受填埋场内部物理、化学、生物作用的影响,填埋场内部填埋气的汞浓度明显高于排气筒中填埋气的汞浓度。填埋场内部气态总汞变化规律为:植被覆盖区域明显低于无植被覆盖区域,表明有效的绿化措施对于控制填埋场汞污染具有重要意义。     

根表铁膜的形成和添加硒对水稻吸收转运无机汞和甲基汞的影响

为了研究根表铁膜和硒对水稻吸收、转运不同形态的汞的影响,用Fe2+溶液诱导根表形成铁膜后,将水稻植株分别暴露于无机汞(Hg Cl2)、甲基汞(Me Hg Cl)、无机汞和亚硒酸钠(Hg Cl2+Na2Se O3)混合溶液、甲基汞和亚硒酸钠(Me Hg Cl+Na2Se O3)混合溶液的培养液中继续培养72 h。用DCB(dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate)提取根表铁膜,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定DCB溶液中Fe、Hg含量及水稻根、茎叶中Hg含量。结果表明:水稻根表铁膜对Me Hg Cl和Hg Cl2均有吸附,对Me Hg Cl的吸附作用高于Hg Cl2。根表铁膜的形成显著降低了汞暴露水稻根、茎叶中汞的含量;铁膜的形成也显著降低了Hg Cl2和Me Hg Cl从水稻根部到茎叶部分的转运效率。硒的存在可增加铁膜对Hg Cl2和Me Hg Cl的吸附,降低水稻对Hg Cl2和Me Hg Cl的吸收和转运。研究结果表明:根表铁膜和硒单独或联合作用能显著抑制水稻对无机汞和甲基汞的吸收和转运,进而可以减少汞在稻米中的蓄积。研究的开展对于提高汞污染区稻米的质量和保证粮食安全具有一定的现实意义。     

Leaching of elements from flue dust produced in copper scrap smelting process

To understand the features and leaching characteristics of copper (Cu) scrap smelting dust and its potential risk to environment and humans, three types of smelting dust were sampled and investigated. The dust samples were collected from the dust captured by cyclone collector, panel cooler, and bag house in a typical Cu scrap smelting process of a factory in Guangxi of China. Zinc (Zn), Cu and lead (Pb) were the main elements of the samples of cyclone collector dust (CCD), panel cooler dust (PCD), and bag house dust (BHD). There were less arsenic (As), Pb and Cu in CCD than PCD and BHD, and PCD contained more manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) than BHD. The particle shapes of BHD appeared more regular than CCD and PCD, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis illustrated the compositions of selected surface areas of three samples. The size of particles ranged from 0.011 to 33.11 μm in CCD, from less than 1 μm to several mm in PCD, and from 0.832 to 363.078 μm in BHD. The main elements in leachate were Zn and Mn from CCD, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Pb from PCD, Zn, Mn and Cd from BHD. The leaching toxicity risk of Cd, Mn, and Zn of PCD and BHD was higher than CCD.     

Chronic exposure effects of copper on growth,metamorphosis and thyroid gland,liver health in Chinese toad,Bufo gargarizans tadpoles

The impact of copper exposure on Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) tadpoles was investigated in this study. First, the 96h LC50 value of copper was 8.697 μM, by means of a 4 d acute toxicity test. Second, we studied the chronic effects of copper on B. gargarizans tadpoles at control, 0.025, 0.1 and 1.0 μM concentration. Survival, body length, body weight, developmental stage, incidence of metamorphic climax, and size at metamorphic climax were determined. In tadpoles developed to metamorphic climax (stage G42), liver and thyroid gland were assessed histologically. Copper at 0.1 and 1.0 μM could inhibit tadpole growth and prolong tadpole metamorphic progress relative to controls. Tadpole size (total length and weight) at stage G42 is also affected in the 0.1 and 1.0 μM treatments. In addition, histological examinations have revealed that 1.0 μM copper could cause significant pathological changes and hepatocytes degeneration in liver. Furthermore, histomorphological measurements indicated that copper at 0.1 and 1.0 μM reduced thyroid gland size, diameter and number of follicle. In conclusion, our study suggests that Cu could damage the liver and thyroid gland, so growth and metamorphosis of B. gargarizans tadpoles were inhibited resulted of disrupting liver metabolism and THs homeostasis.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix combined with regional integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis was used to investigate the composition and transformation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from landfill. The EEMs of HAs at different landfill ages were characterized by two typical fluorescence chromophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 420-470 nm/Em = 490-530 nm and Ex = 345-375 nm/Em = 450-465 nm. EEMs of FA were featured by other two distinctly different fluorophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 315-335 nm/Em = 420-440 nm and Ex = 255-275 nm/Em = 425-455 nm. The results show that HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1989 was formed by connecting small-condensed aromatic structures with protein-like chains. Compared with HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1992, HA extracted from the refuse of 1996 had a higher fluorescence intensity and lower r_(B,A) (the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of peak B and peak A) value. It contained low molar mass components, low aromatic condensation degree, and more easily oxidized substituents. This indicates that the landfill time strongly affects the EEMs characteristics of HA, and that the humification degree of HA increases with the landfill time. A red shift to a longer wavelength region and an increase of fluorescence intensity were observed when the concentration of HA was increased, suggesting that concentration had a great influence on the fluorescence characteristics of HAs. pH (2-12) also had significant effects on the fluorescence intensity, although it exerted no effect on the peak position of fluorescence of HA and FA. The results of FRI show that increasing concentration lead to more interactions among various structure components and that small molecular weight units tend to aggregate or be masked into more complicated and larger structures. The pH influence on the fluorescence intensity of HA seems mainly through molecular configuration, while the fluorescence intensity change with pH may be due to various substituents of FA.     

不同生境下报春苣苔的光合作用日变化特性

国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔Primulina tabacum Hance是苦苣苔科多年生草本植物。研究不同生境下报春苣苔在干湿季的光合作用日变化动态及其对环境因子响应,结果表明：旷地午间时段,光合有效辐射（PAR）增加伴随着空气湿度（RH）的显著下降,此时报春苣苔的净光合速率（Pn）因受光抑制和气孔限制的影响而下降。岩洞生境下报春苣苔的Pn没有受到抑制,但其Pn和光合碳水化合物（CH2O）生成速率较低,洞内光照缺乏是限制其光合碳同化的原因之一。3个样地检测的Pn、CH2O产生速率、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）以及Rubisco的Vo/Vc比率等在湿季均优于干季。主成分分析表明叶片Narea与Chl含量、比叶重（LMA）以及气孔密度对光合作用具有显著影响。Pearson相关分析表明不同生境下影响报春苣苔Pn的关键生态因子有所不同,旷地强光环境下过高的叶片水蒸气压亏缺（VPD）和气温（ta）直接限制净光合速率的水平,而在岩洞弱光高湿环境中,PAR则成为Pn的限制因子。同一环境因子在不同生境下对报春苣苔Pn的影响也有所不同：在旷地强光生境下,空气湿度（RH）的适度增加有利于降低过高的VPD,促进气孔开放而提高Pn。而在岩洞低光条件下,过高RH则会使降低VPD而不利于叶片的气体交换,使光合作用受影响。这个结果启示,在进行报春苣苔野外回归栽培时,应该注意PAR和RH等环境因子的控制。     

阿特拉津生产废水排放对水稻危害的风险分析

阿特拉津是目前世界上广泛使用的除草剂之一,在我国主要使用于东北和华北地区。近年来我国一些地区接连发现了灌溉含有阿特拉津河水的水稻疫苗受害事件。以河北省宣化农药厂的生产工艺为例,通过使用概率评价的方法,进行了阿特拉津对水稻危害的风险分析研究结果表明,这种风险不仅与工厂废水中阿特拉津的排放有关,而且还取决于河水的流量及其风险率所得结果与该厂历史上的实际情况相吻合。     

大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展

大气气溶胶的环境效应、气候效应和健康效应均与气溶胶的物理化学性质直接相关,其中大气气溶胶酸度是其重要的性质之一。大气气溶胶酸度对酸沉降、灰霾的形成具有重要作用,并影响大气非均相化学反应,相关研究已成为国际研究的热点。对国内外学者近年来在大气气溶胶酸度对大气环境与人体健康的影响、大气气溶胶酸度的影响因素与变化规律、大气气溶胶酸度/酸化缓冲能力的测定与计算方法、大气气溶胶酸性成分采集系统等方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并对大气气溶胶酸度研究未来的发展进行了展望。     

Levels and speciation of arsenic in the atmosphere in Beijing, China

Arsenic levels and speciation in the total suspended particles (TSPs) were quantitatively determined by high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry in Beijing, China from February 2009 to March 2011. The high TSP levels fluctuated between 0.07 and 0.79 mg m⁻³, with a mean level of 0.32 ± 0.17 mg m⁻³. The total arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.31 μg m⁻³ (mean: 0.13 ± 0.06 μg m⁻³) in Beijing‘s air. The concentrations of As(III) and As(V) ranged from 0.73 to 20 ng m⁻³ (mean: 4.7 ± 3.6 ng m⁻³) and from 14 to 2.5 × 10² ng m⁻³ (mean: 67 ± 35 ng m⁻³), respectively. As levels and speciation demonstrated relative higher levels in spring and autumn and lower values in summer and winter. As(V) accounted for 81-99% of the extractable species in the TSP samples which showed that As(V) was the major fraction of the extractable As. Organoarsenic species, monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) were not found in all samples. Higher values of enrichment factors demonstrated that arsenic in TSP mainly come from anthropogenic sources. High As and its species levels in air and respiratory exposure (0.30-0.84 μg d⁻¹) attributed to higher excess cancer risk ((4.2 ± 2.0) × 10⁻⁴) for people in Beijing.