Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

官司河流域防护林景观结构及生态功能研究

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片解译数据和2007年度小班调查资料,结合样地调查资料以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站（四川绵阳新桥）径流场的有关数据,对绵阳官司河流域的防护林体系景观结构及生态功能进行了分析。结果表明：该区域防护林景观中,以松柏混交林（Mixed Alnus—Cupressus forest）面积最大,占27．37％,其次是马尾松纯林（Pinus massoniana forest）,占25．41％。栎柏混交林（Mixed Quercus-Cupressus forest）最少,只占0．96％。纯林面积明显大于混交林,前者比后者大45．31％。栎柏混交林、松柏栎混交林（Mixed Pinus-Cupressus—Quercus forest）最大斑块指数（LPI）、边缘密度（ED）和斑块密度（PD）较小,分布较为破碎。而马尾松纯林、松柏混交林和柏木纯林（Cupressus forest）分布较为集中。桤柏混交林（Mixed Alnus—Cupressus forest）和松柏混交林的散布与并列指数（IJI）较大,其空间关系较为复杂。栎柏混交林、柏木纯林的聚集度（A1）较小,斑块分散度大,连接睦较差;而桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的分散度较大,连接性较好。桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的形状指数（LSI）较小,形状分布较规则,而马尾松纯林、柏木纯林的形状指数较大,形状较复杂。从不同景观类型林下灌草层的生物多样性指数可知,松柏混交林、栎柏混交林的灌草多样性指数均较大,而马尾松纯林、柏木纯林则较小。从保持水土功能来看：桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的水土保持效果优于柏木纯林、马尾松纯林,桤柏混交林的水土保持效果优于松柏混交林。因此,对长江防护林进行空间结构调整,应多采用混交林模式,针阔混交林代替针针混交,乔灌草结合,调整合理的密度,使防护林景观的生态功能更好地发挥。     

Occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in wastewater and the recipient river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China

The occurrence and behavior of β-blockers, antiepileptic drug carbamazepine and its metabolites, X-ray contrast agent iopromide, natural and synthetic hormones, and several groups of hormone-like personal care products (PCPs), including antiseptics (triclocarban, triclosan, and 2-phenylphenol), parabens and bisphenol A, were investigated in municipal wastewater, sewage sludge, and urban river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China. The pharmaceuticals, natural hormones and PCPs were ubiquitously detected in the raw wastewater from a sewage treatment plant (STP). Only triclocarban and triclosan were detected at significant amounts in the dewatered sludge. Iopromide and the PCPs were greatly removed/transformed from the aqueous phase of the wastewater. The β-blockers were only moderately removed/transformed. Carbamazepine passed through the STP almost unchanged. Biodegradation was the dominant process for elimination/transformation of the pharmaceuticals, hormones, and most PCPs in the STP. However, sorption also played an important role in the fate of triclocarban with nearly 50% of the mass load entering the STP ended up and persisted in the dewatered sludge. The pharmaceuticals, estrone, and PCPs were also widely detected in the Pearl River at Guangzhou. Bisphenol A had the highest concentration. The pharmaceutical concentrations in the Pearl River were higher in March than in May, most likely due to less dilution by lower precipitation. The omnipresence and high levels of the pharmaceuticals and PCPs in the Pearl River may be associated with direct discharge of untreated wastewater and pose potential risks to the ecological system.     

微波活化中孔酸性生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为与机理

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波辅助磷酸活化法制备了同时富含中孔结构和含氧酸官能团的生物质炭,以氮气吸附、红外光谱FT-IR等技术对炭样品表面物化性质进行了表征,通过静态实验法测定了生物质炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附特性,分析了溶液pH、初始浓度、温度对吸附的影响,研究了不同pH下蔗渣生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,并从热力学及动力学角度探讨了生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理。结果表明,不同制备参数下生物质炭的得率均大于39.2%,但表面物化性质因参数变化有较大差异。在浸渍比1∶1,烘干时间10 h,活化功率900 W,活化时间22 min的条件下,制得的生物质炭的比表面积为1 021 m2/g,亚甲基蓝值超过国家一级品标准1.70倍,表面富含微中孔结构和羟基、羰基、羧基等酸性官能团,中孔约占总孔的40%。静态吸附实验表明,溶液初始浓度对吸附有较大的影响,吸附量随初始浓度的增加,pH的升高及温度的上升而增大,Freundlich方程、Redlich-Peterson方程与Temkin方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为;吸附动力学结果表明,数据符合Elovich方程,吸附行为更倾向于化学吸附;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附标准焓变(ΔH0)70 kJ/mol,说明该吸附为自发的吸热反应,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

斜生栅藻降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和苯胺的动力学研究

斜生栅藻降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和苯胺的动力学研究阎海雷志芳叶常明（中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京１０００８５）关键词斜生栅藻；邻苯二甲酸二甲酯；苯胺；降解动力学邻苯二甲酸酯类是广泛使用的人工合成有机物，主要作为塑料和橡胶等化工产品的增塑剂，我国和...     

中国排污许可证制度执行现状调查

本研究以广州、石家庄、兰州、哈尔滨和大同5个城市为调研对象,收集各城市20年来许可证相关的法规制度,并与各城市环境保护监管部门负责人及典型企业环保专职人员进行了访谈。研究表明,中国排污许可证制度在提高企业环保守法意识和推动总量减排上起到了明显作用,但也面临着法律体系不完善,行政资源不足、排放量核算方法不明确、处罚力度弱以及公众参与不充分等问题。在此基础上,本研究提出中国排污许可证制度的改进建议,为决策部门制定相应的政策提供科学和技术的支撑。     

Antimony (Sb) – pollution and removal techniques – critical assessment of technologies

In view of increasing emissions of antimony (Sb) into the environment due to industrialization and consequent carcinogenicity, it is essential to remove this metal from the ecosystem. Antimony and arsenic (As) are analogs. Although numerous studies examined arsenic removal, few reports are available on Sb removal. In this review, various Sb removal techniques are described to understand how this process occurs and what research gaps are needed to improve efficiency. At present, surface adsorption technique is the most widely used for Sb removal. Biological treatment namely phytoremediation is also a promising method and more investigations are required in this regard. The selection of a suitable technique for a given area depends on the conditions including economic, environmental, and social conditions.     

焦炭产业生态化建设研究——以孝义焦炭产业为例

孝义市焦炭产业在规模不断壮大的同时,面临着严重的资源浪费和环境污染问题.本文应用代谢分析方法对产业链中主要元素碳和元素硫进行代谢分析,找出元素代谢关键环节,为焦炭产业生态链设计提供依据.在此基础上,依据循环经济理念和工业生态理论构建出孝义焦炭产业生态工业网络体系,指明孝义焦炭产业未来发展方向.     

固定化SRB吸附乳酸钠的动力学及再生动力学研究

用聚乙烯醇包埋硫酸盐还原菌(SRB),探讨固定化SRB小球的动力学规律及再生动力学控制机理,同时利用膜扩散控制模型与粒内扩散控制模型,描述固定化SRB小球循环吸附乳酸钠的动力学过程,计算出不同条件下的膜扩散系数D/δ和粒内扩散系数D的值.通过对固定化SRB小球吸附乳酸钠的动力学和再生动力学研究,为固定化SRB小球的营养源吸附与再生工艺参数的确定提供理论依据.     

氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫回收工艺的技术经济可行性初步分析

介绍了回收结晶硫酸镁的氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫工艺的基本工艺流程,在抛弃法脱硫系统上所作的工业试验证明了吸收液循环提浓MgSO4的可行性.参照工业硫酸镁生产工艺对130t/h燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫作了回收工艺的投资效益分析和整体工艺的经济性评价,结果表明回收工业硫酸镁具有良好的经济效益.