Air quality impact of the coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the China West-East Power Transmission Project

This paper analyzes the air quality impacts of coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the West-East Power Transmission Project in China. A three-layer Lagrangian model called ATMOS, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of incremental sulfur dioxide (SO2) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentrations under different emission control scenarios. In the year 2005, the emissions from planned power plants mainly affected the air quality of Shanxi, Shaanxi, the common boundary of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, and the area around the boundary between Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. In these areas, the annually averaged incremental SO2 and PM10 concentrations exceed 2 and 2.5 microg/m3, respectively. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO2 and PM10 concentrations are 8.3 and 7.2 microg/m3, respectively, which occur around Hancheng city, near the boundary of the Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. After integrated control measures are considered, the maximum increases of annually averaged SO2 and PM10 concentrations fall to 4.9 and 4 microg/m3, respectively. In the year 2010, the areas affected by planned power plants are mainly North Shaanxi, North Ningxia, and Northwest Shanxi. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO2 and PM10, concentrations are, respectively, 6.3 and 5.6 microg/m3, occurring in Northwest Shanxi, which decline to 4.4 and 4.1 microg/m3 after the control measures are implemented. The results showed that the proposed power plants mainly affect the air quality of the region where the power plants are built, with little impact on East China where the electricity will be used. The influences of planned power plants on air quality will be decreased greatly by implementing integrated control measures.     

论区域环境累积成本的构成与计量模式

从一定区域内环境的累积影响角度出发，尝试性地创建了区域环境累积成本的概念与构成，在此基础上提出了计算区域环境累积成本的两种不同模式——测度环境损失的经济模式与计量实际费用的会计模式，并对其应用作了较详细的阐述。其意义在于，它立足于区域层面揭示了环境成本的构成与计量，为区域环境管理提供了成本效益评价的基本模式。     

Biomonitoring trace element atmospheric deposition using lichens in China

Concentrations of 32 elements, Ag, As, Au, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, W, Yb, and Zn were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in the early preserved epiphytic lichens (Parmotrema recticulatum) from the remote southwestern China area in the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s. The concentrations of Ag, As, Ce, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Nd, Ni, Sc, Se, Sm, Tb, U, Yb and Zn were dropped down by the temporal prolongation. The elemental concentration levels obtained from the organisms indicate that the extent of heavy metal atmospheric deposition among the sampling sites has been declining during the past decades.     

城市固体废物好氧生物反应器填埋方式的实验研究

MSW(城市固体废物)生物反应器型填埋是一种较新颖的方法。在系统分析现有填埋方法优缺点的基础上,对其加以改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机地结合在一起,构建了MSW好氧生物反应器。考察了NH3、CH4、CO2、pH和温度等因素,并监测分析了渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-等指标,旨在研究其中垃圾的降解及渗滤液中COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-的去除情况,探讨该生物反应器对垃圾和渗滤液相关参数的作用机理。结果表明,该反应器对渗滤液中COD、BOD5、NO3-的去除率分别达到96.34%、94.58%和99.9%,对其中的Zn2+也有较好的脱除效果。     

The levels, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in a typical urban area of Northeast China

Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continually measured at a monitoring site in Shenyang from 20 August to 16 September 2017. The average concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carbonyls were 28.54, 6.30, 5.59 and 9.78 ppbv, respectively. Seven sources were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization model based on the measurement data of VOCs and CO. Vehicle exhaust contributed the most (36.15%) to the total propene-equivalent concentration of the measured VOCs, followed by combustion emission (16.92%), vegetation emission and secondary formation (14.33%), solvent usage (10.59%), petrochemical industry emission (9.89%), petrol evaporation (6.28%), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage (5.84%). Vehicle exhaust, solvent usage and combustion emission were found to be the top three VOC sources for O₃ formation potential, accounting for 34.52%, 16.55% and 11.94%, respectively. The diurnal variation of the total VOCs from each source could be well explained by their emission characteristics, e.g., the two peaks of VOC concentrations from LPG usage were in line with the cooking times for breakfast and lunch. Wind rose plots of the VOCs from each source could reveal the possible distribution of the sources around the monitoring site. The O₃ pollution episodes during the measurement period were found to be coincident with the elevation of VOCs, which was mainly due to the air parcel from the southeast direction where petrochemical industry emission was found to be dominant, suggesting that the petrochemical industry emission from the southeast was probably a significant cause of O₃ pollution in Shenyang.     

γ中尺度单体合并在昭通小河镇"201O.7.13"灾害性天气中的特征分析

低纬度高原特殊地形影响下的云和降水与其它地区相比有一些独特的情形,中-y尺度暴雨就是特征鲜明的一类,由此系统引发的降水突发性较强,常造成灾害.利用常规高空资料、卫星资料、加密乡镇雨量站资料和新一代多普勒雷达资料,对2010年7月13日云南昭通小河镇灾害性天气分析发现:短时性、高强度,在降水开始的1 h左右就达到暴雨量级,是此次过程的降水特点;中低层风向辐合、高冷低暖、整层潮湿,低层偏南暖湿气流输送水汽及对流不稳定能量堆积,以及边界层辐合线的触发提供了中尺度天气背景;强中尺度对流系统(MCS)是此次暴雨形成的云图中尺度特征;多普勒雷达观测资料分析表明,镶嵌在中-β尺度上的中-γ尺度单体为形成强降水的直接影响系统,该类系统以"单体合并型"和"自壮大升尺度型"居多,且"单体合并型"占较大比例;单体组织化合并可能是部分这类暴雨的触发与维持机制之一.     

基于遥感技术的城市污水处理厂热岛效应研究

热岛效应已成为城市化发展中影响局地气候变化的重要因素之一.作为城市必要基础设施的一部分,城市污水处理厂对全球性气候变化的影响受到了广泛关注和研究,而对局地气候变化的影响却鲜有研究.文章首次尝试利用Landsat卫星遥感图像对1995年-2013年间苏州市11座城市污水处理厂进行了热岛效应研究,并对影响因素进行了初步分析.结果发现,11座城市污水处理厂热岛强度在18年间整体上增加了48％;从时间维度上来看,在污水处理厂施工建设或升级改造阶段,热岛强度都偏高.而根据回归分析发现,城市地表平均温度、污水处理厂的施工建设状态和主体处理工艺与WHII具有显著正相关性.     

Population genetic structure of Pinus tabulaeformis in Shanxi Plateau, China

Chinese pine, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., a species that ranges broadly across northeastern to southwestern China, plays a vital role in the maintenance of the structure and function of these ecosystems. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of five widespread populations in Shanxi Plateau, the distribution center of Chinese pine, using 15 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and five inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers in 140 individual tree samples. Similar genetic differentiation results were obtained from the data of RAPD and ISSR. Based on the two sets of data, Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.2842 and 0.3078 and Shannon’s indices of diversity were 0.4332 and 0.4468. Genetic diversity at the species level was found high relative to that for other genera of Pinaceae. The greatest diversity was observed in the Lingkong Mountain population (0.3860), while the lowest was recorded in the Luya Mountain population (0.3352), most likely as a result of natural adaptation and anthropogenic perturbation. The relative magnitude of differentiation among populations (G _ST) was 0.1491 and 0.1356, respectively, implying that most genetic variation was within the populations (∼0.8509), rather than among populations. Published in Russian in Ekologiya, 2008, No. 1, pp. 36–42. The article was translated by the authors.     

Identifying sources and assessing potential risk of heavy metals in soils from direct exposure to children in a mine-impacted city, Changsha, China

Heavy metal pollutants in soils can usually enter the human body and pose heath risks through a soil-crop-human body pathway (indirect exposure) or soil-human body pathway (direct exposure). Previous studies often neglected the direct exposure in human health risk assessment, especially for children. We collected surface soil samples from urban and suburb areas in Changsha City, China, to analyze the content ofAs, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A combination of principal component analysis, geostatistics, and triangulated irregular network (TIN) model was successfully used to discriminate the sources of heavy metals. The direct exposure method, sequential indicator simulation, and geographical information system (GIS) technologies were used to perform a health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to children living in the study area. Results show that heavy metal contamination in Changsha may originate from coal usage and industrial activities. One thousand equiprobable realizations suggest that not all sites within the study area may be suitable for housing or allotments without remediation. Most high hazard indexes are located in the suburb and mining areas. Moreover, arsenic presents a high health risk in comparison with other elements. Compared with inhalation and dermal contact in direct soil exposure, soil ingestion is the largest contribution to potential health risks for children. This study indicates that we should attach great importance to the direct soil exposure for children's health.     

电除尘器阳极板振打加速度分布规律与仿真设计

应用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对影响电除尘器阳极板振打效果的锤头质量、锤臂长、悬挂方式及极板厚度等因素进行了数值仿真,分析了各因素对阳极板振打加速度分布的影响;利用分析结果对振打装置的结构进行了改进设计,结果表明可以较好地满足工业除尘的要求。本研究提出的电除尘器阳极板振打仿真方法为电除尘器振打装置的参数设计提供了一条新的途径。