Density dependence and density independence during the early life stages of four marine fish stocks

Recruitment variability caused by density-dependent and density-independent processes is an important area within the study of fish dynamics. These processes can exhibit nonlinearities and nonadditive properties that may have profound dynamic effects. We investigate the importance of population density (i.e., density dependence) and environmental forcing (i.e., density independence) on the age-0 and age-1 abundance of capelin (Mallotus villosus), northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and Norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus) in the Barents Sea. We use statistical methods that explicitly account for nonlinearities and nonadditive interactions between internal and external variables in the abundance of these two pre-recruitment stages. Our results indicate that, during their first five months of life, cod, haddock, and herring experience higher density-dependent survival than capelin. The abundance of age-0 cod depends on the mean age and biomass of the spawning stock, a result which has implications for the management of the entire cod stock. Temperature is another important factor influencing the abundance at age-0 and age-1 of all four species, except herring at age-1. Between age-0 and age-1, there is an attenuation of density-dependent survival for cod and herring, while haddock and capelin experience density dependence at high and low temperatures, respectively. Predation by subadult cod is important for both capelin and cod at age-1. We found strong indications for interactions among the studied species, pointing to the importance of viewing the problem of species recruitment variability as a community, rather than as a population phenomenon.     

佛山市垃圾填埋场地下废气组成与产量研究

在佛山市五峰山垃圾卫生填埋场安装地下废气监测井,对地下废气的组成与性质进行监测,在位于较迟填埋垃圾区域的监测井内,地下废气ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２的浓度较高,较稳定,在位于较早填埋垃圾区域的监测井内,地上废气ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２的浓度较低,变化也较大,且在最后一次监测中,井内的废气已失去了垃圾填埋场废气的特征,说明地下垃圾的厌氧分解过程已经完成或者厌氧环境已被破坏,前后只约持续了４ａ的时间,远低于预期所需的１０－