新疆柴窝堡地区沉积物元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

通过对新疆柴窝堡地区湖泊沉积物和流域表层沉积物中元素含量的分析,研究了柴窝堡湖沉积物中元素的地球化学特征及其环境意义,并利用重金属潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物重金属的生态效应进行了简要评价。相关分析及主成分分析表明,柴窝堡流域Al、K、Na、Be、Ba、Ti、Ca、Mg、Sr等元素含量的变化主要受流域化学风化作用强度的影响,而Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Co等重金属元素与黏土含量之间相关性显著,反映了自然与人类活动的影响过程。1950年前,人类活动影响弱,湖泊沉积物重金属元素主要受控于流域水动力条件;1950年后,流域人类活动的加强使得湖泊沉积物中重金属含量显著增加。利用聚类方法进行了湖泊沉积物与流域表层沉积物元素组成的比较分析,结果显示不同湖泊沉积物元素的组合特征反映了流域人类活动和自然作用的影响。最后,通过重金属潜在生态危害指数法对柴窝堡湖泊沉积物中Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb等4种重金属的潜在危害程度进行初步评价,其中以沉积物中Pb和Cu危害程度较高,但潜在生态危害程度尚属轻微。     

黄河流域内蒙古段1951—2012年气温、降水变化及其关系

黄河流域内蒙古段是内蒙古自治区重要的经济发展区,研究其气候因子变化对流域水资源、区域经济社会发展及生态环境保护有重要意义。论文利用研究区及其周边地区52个气象站点1951—2012年气温与降水量资料,采用回归分析、年代均值比较、5 a滑动、气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall检验等方法,对气温与降水变化及其关系进行了分析。结果表明：近62 a来,研究区域平均气温、平均最高和最低气温均呈明显上升趋势（0.283 ℃/10 a、0.235 ℃/10 a、 0.590 ℃/10 a）,尤以20世纪90年代增温最为明显,冬季增长速率最快,对气温升高贡献最大。3类气温分别在1988、1989、1982年发生了突变,平均气温、平均最高气温突变时间均晚于平均最低气温。多年降水量年际变化较大,总体呈下降趋势（-1.48 mm/10 a）,但下降幅度不明显。年降水量与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温在20世纪80—90年代相关性较好,均呈上升趋势,而其他时期则呈阶段反对称变化。从季节上看,春季降水量与3类气温年值相关性最好;夏季降水量与3类气温的年际变化趋势类似;秋季降水量与3类气温呈阶段反对称性变化;冬季降水量与3类气温在20世纪90年代到21世纪呈反对称变化,其他年代则呈现一致的变化趋势。     

Optimum conditions for the formation of Al13 polymer and active chlorine in electrolysis process with Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes

A polyaluminum containing a high concentration of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine (PACC) was successfully synthesized by a new electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂ anodes. PACC can potentially be used as a dual-function chemical reagent for water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the formation of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine, were the most active components in PACC responsible for coagulation and disinfection respectively. These components were significantly influenced by electrolyte temperature, current density, and stirring rate. It was observed that high electrolyte temperature favored the formation of Al₁₃. Increasing current density and stirring rate resulted in high current efficiency of chlorine evolution, thus favoring the generation of Al₁₃ and active chlorine in PACC. When the PACC (Al_T = 0.5 mol/L, basicity = 2.3) was prepared at the optimum conditions by electrolysis process, the Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine in product reached above 70% of Al_T and 4000 mg/L, respectively. In the pilot scale experiment with raw polyaluminum chloride used as an electrolyte, PACC was successfully prepared and produced a high content of Al₁₃ and active chlorine products. The pilot scale experiment demonstrated a potential industrial approach of PACC preparation.     

深圳市综合水质指数研究及其在水资源资产评估上的应用

自然资源资产评估技术是开展自然资源资产负债表实践和实行环境责任离任审计的重要技术支撑。水资源作为一项重要自然资源,如何有效评估水资源资产是不可回避的问题。论文以深圳市为研究区域,一是采用综合污染指数法和主成分分析法,以总氮、氨氮、总磷、化学需氧量、生化需氧量、固体悬浮物为指标参数构建了深圳市综合水质指数以评价水资源综合水质。二是以该综合水质评估模型为基础,通过采用治污成本法分析综合水质与治污成本间的关系,从而构建深圳市景观水和饮用水资源的价值量评估模型。论文还以深圳市大鹏新区为试点开展了水资源价值量评估,评估结果显示,2015年大鹏新区景观水和饮用水资源的价值量分别为3.60亿、0.35亿元。     

典型生物滞留设施重金属累积分布特征与风险评价

采集了停车场、道路旁、居民区及产业园区4种不同用地类型的生物滞留设施的0～10 cm表层土壤,分析了8种重金属污染物（As、 Hg、 Cd、 Cr、 Pb、 Cu、 Ni和Zn）的累积含量,并对重金属累积的影响因素、污染水平、潜在生态风险和人体健康风险进行了分析和评估.结果表明,8种重金属污染物的累积含量存在较大的差异,ω（As）、ω（Hg）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cr）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cu）、ω（Ni）和ω（Zn）的平均值分别为8.92、 0.25、 0.10、 31.56、 14.81、 21.27、 23.69和62.75 mg·kg^-1, As和Hg的含量平均值分别达到了土壤背景值的1.26和5.21倍;相关性分析表明,8种重金属含量均与土壤有机质含量呈现较强正相关,除Hg之外均与土壤pH值呈现正相关,除As外与磷含量呈现正相关.内梅罗综合指数以及潜在生态风险指数的分析结果表明,除Hg之外的其他7种重金属的污染水平及生态风险较低,受Hg污染的影响,生物滞留设施重金属综合污染水平以及生态风险较高,Hg对土壤环境存在一定的潜在威胁.4类设施重金属非致癌风险在可接受...     

城市非点源污染模型研究进展

回顾了城市非点源污染模型的发展历史,分析了能够模拟城市非点源污染的7个国外模型(SWMM、STORM、SLAMM、HSPF、DR3M-QUAL、MOUSE和HydroWorks)的特点、适用性和局限性,介绍了国外城市非点源污染模型不确定性研究方法和成果以及城市非点源污染分析概率模型,总结了国内城市非点源污染模型的研究成果.指出国外城市非点源污染模型在污染物累积和冲刷、泥沙和污染物运移、污染物的生化反应等方面模拟能力不足,而国内城市非点源污染模型多是经验模型,模拟面积较小,模拟精度较差.提出未来城市非点源污染模型研究应提高泥沙和污染物的模拟能力,探索无资料和不完全信息下城市非点源污染的模拟和预测,加强城市非点源污染随机性模型的研究,发展城市非点源污染模型与GIS的耦合应用.     

铁阳极电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B染料废水

对铁阳极电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B染料废水过程进行了实验研究.考察了电流密度、染料溶液初始pH值、电介质浓度及种类、温度、染料浓度等因素对脱色效率的影响.结果表明,在一定实验条件下,活性黑KN-B模拟废水的脱色效率达93%;电流强度、染料浓度、电解液初始pH值及电解质的种类对染料溶液脱色效率影响显著,电解液温度、电解质的浓度对脱色效率的影响不明显;以铁为阳极的原位电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B模拟废水混凝过程中主要作用机理以吸附电性中和为主;电凝聚过程中活性黑KN-B在阴极上发生了还原反应.     

Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China

The heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province was investigated. 97 feed and manure samples were sampled from 31 farming plants in 10 major cities of Jiangsu. 14 metals, including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Ba, Co, Sr, Ti, As and Hg, were analyzed after samples acid digestion. The results showed that the most feed samples contained high concentration of metals exceeding National Hygienical Standard for Feeds. Meanwhile, it was found that Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations in animal manures were also high, for example, Cu concentration in a manure sample reached to as much as 1726.3 mg/kg. Heavy metals loading quantities in soil per year were then calculated when metals contaminated organic fertilizers were applied, and its effects on soil environmental qualitv were further evaluated.     

生物多样性在路域植被恢复中的应用

从生物多样性的特点出发 ,根据公路路域的特点以及近年来公路绿化成功与失败的经验 ,探讨植物多样性在公路植被恢复中的应用。自然界中植物通过多种多样的组合体而存在 ,多样性是自然形成 ;利用植物多样性原理可以提高路域植被的恢复水平和景观效果     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.